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COST  OF   PRODUCING 
SUGAR 


IN   THE 


UNITED  STATES,  GERMANY,  AUSTRIA 
HUNGARY,  RUSSIA  AND  CUBA 


;  / 


QUALITY  OF  RAW  MATERIAL. 

PRICE  OF  SUGAR  BEETS. 

COST  OF  FARM  LABOR. 

EUROPEAN  WAR  AND  THE  PRICE 
OF  SUGAR 

RUSSIA,  THE  GREAT  SUGAR  PRODUC- 
ING NATION  OF  THE  FUTURE. 

STATISTICAL   TABLES  —  COMPARISON 
OF 'FIELD  AND  FACTORY  RESULTS. 


Truman  G.; Palmer 

Secretary,  United  States  Beet  Sugar  Industry 

901-903  Union  Trust  Building 

Washington,  D.  C. 

1913 

COPKMHAVCR.   WASHINOTON 


COST  OF   PRODUCING 
SUGAR 


IN   THE 


UNITED  STATES,  GERMANY,  AUSTRIA- 
HUNGARY,  RUSSIA  AND  CUBA. 


QUALITY  OF  RAW  MATERIAL. 

PRICE  OF  SUGAR  BEETS. 

COST  OF  FARM  LABOR. 

EUROPEAN  WAR  AND  THE  PRICE 
OF  SUGAR 

RUSSIA,  THE  GREAT  SUGAR  PRODUC- 
ING NATION  OF  THE  FUTURE. 

STATISTICAL   TABLES  —  COMPARISON 
OF  FIELD  AND  FACTORY  RESULTS. 


BY 

Truman  G.  Palmer 

Secretary,  United  States  Beet  Sugar  Industry 

901-903  Union  Trust  Building 

Washington,  D.  C. 

1913 


MAIN   LIBRARV  AGRIC.  OZrt. 


CONTENTS 

PAG« 

Factors  to  be  considered 3 

Quality  of  raw  material 3 

Price  of  sugar  beets  in  Europe  and  in  the  United 

States 5 

Cost  of  farm  labor  in  the  beet  fields  of  the  United 

States  and  of  Europe 21 

European  war  and  the  price  of  sugar 27 

Russia,  the  great  sugar  producing  nation  of  the  future  31 

Cost  of  producing  sugar  in  Cuba 38 

Statistical  tables — Comparison  of  field  and  factory 

results 41 


v° 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR 

In  arriving  at  the  relative  cost  of  producing  sugar  in 
the  United  States  and  Europe,  three  factors  are  to  be 
considered. 

(1)  The  cost  of  erecting  factories  of  a  given  capacity 
in  the  different  countries  and  the  consequent  margin  of 
profit  required  in  order  to  return  a  given  rate  of  interest 
on  the  investment, 

(2)  The  cost  of  operating  factories,  and 

(3)  The  cost  of  raw  material,  i.  <?.,  the  cost  per  pound 
of  the  extractable  sugar  in  the  beet,  laid  down  at  the 
factory  gates  before  the  factory  commences  to  work  them. 

In  Europe  it  costs  approximately  one-half  as  much  as 
it  costs  in  the  United  States  to  erect  a  factory  of  a  given 
capacity,  the  number  of  operatives  required  is  about  the 
same,  while  the  wage  rate  is  but  a  fraction  of  what  it  is 
in  the  United  States.  In  this  study,  however,  I  shall 
confine  myself  to  a  consideration  of  the  quality  and 
cost  of  raw  material. 

QUAI^ITY  OF  RAW  MATERIAL. 

i  In  the  manufacture  of  sugar  the  cost  of  raw  material 
I  depends  upon  its  quality  as  well  as  upon  the  price  per 
jton.  A  ton  of  beets  or  cane  is  valuable  for  sugar-making 
Ipurposes,  in  proportion  not  only  to  its  sugar  content, 
|butJto^  i  tsjpunty . 

The  two  plants  from  which  the  world  derives  its  sugar 
are  as  dissimilar  as  well  could  be  imagined.  Sugar  cane 
is  a  weed  in  the  tropics,  springing  from  the  same  root 
year  after  year  without  replanting  and  containing  about 
the  same  sugar  content  whether  growing  wild  or  under 
cultivation  ;  about  the  same  now  as  generations  ago. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  sugar  beet  is  the  most  scientifi- 
cally bred  plant  in  the  world.  Originally  containing 
only  4  to  5  per  cent  of  sugar  and  having  a  low  purity,  it 
now  contains  from  15  to  more  than  20  per  cent  of  sugar 
and  is  of  a  much  higher  purity,  the  latter  enabling  the 
factory  to  extract  a  greater  percentage  of  the  sugar  con- 


Mtessso 


^  COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 

tained  in  the  root.  But  while  responding  to  science  and 
to  correct  cultural  methods  more  readily  than  does  any 
other  plant  known,  it  yields  the  poorest  results  of  any 
plant,  both  in  quantity  and  quality  if  correct  cultural 
methods  be  not  applied  to  it ;  hence  a  knowledge  of  and 
an  application  of  correct  cultural  methods  by  the  farmers 
growing  the  crop  is  of  primary  importance. 

The  progress  made  in  the  United  States  in  raising  the 
quality  of  the  beet  has  been  marked,  the  extractable  raw 
sugar  in  a  ton  of  beets  having  increased  in  twenty  years 
from  183.90  pounds  to  263.16  pounds,  our  present  average 
extraction  being  greater  than  was  the  extraction  in  any 
country  in  Europe  twenty  years  ago.  But  while  we  have 
been  progressing,  Europe  also  has  progressed  and  due  to 
her  superior  cultural  methods,  which  our  farmers  are 
slow  to  adopt,  Europe  still  excels  us,  both  in  tonnage 
per  acre  and  in  the  purity  of  her  beets,  only  Russia  fall- 
ing below  us  in  tonnage  per  acre. 

If  the  average  quality  of  the  beets  and  the  tonnage  per 
acre  secured  in  the  various  beet  sugar  districts  of  the 
United  States  approached  the  maximum  results  which 
reasonably  could  be  expected,  the  outlook  for  eventually 
competing  with  Europe  would  be  discouraging ;  but 
when  we  consider  the  fact  that  there  scarcely  is  a  sugar 
beet  district  in  the  United  States  where  numbers  of 
farmers  do  not  produce  a  greater  tonnage  of  high  grade 
beets  than  are  produced  in  the  best  districts  of  Europe, 
it  is  plain  to  be  seen  that  our  low  averages  result  from  a 
lack  of  education  on  the  part  of  our  farmers. 

James  Wilson  grew  over  20  tons  of  high  grade  beets 
per  acre  in  Iowa  year  after  year  before  he  became  Secre- 
tary of  Agriculture  and  he  is  convinced  that  when  our 
farmers  shall  have  become  accustomed  to  the  culture  of 
beets  they  will  produce  at  least  that  tonnage,  which  is 
25  per  cent  in  excess  of  what  the  German  farmers  are 
able  to  coax  from  their  worn-out  soils.  In  the  judgment 
of  those  most  familiar  with  the  industry,  it  is  not  a  ques- 
tion of  soil  or  of  climate,  but  of  cultural  education. 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR.  5 

PRICE   OF  SUGAR   BEETS  IN  EUROPE  AND  IN 
THE   UNITED  STATES. 

Germany,  Russia  and  Austria-Hungary  are  the  domi- 
nant beet  sugar  producing  countries  of  the  world.  Of 
the  9,000,000  tons  of  beet  sugar  annually  produced  in 
Europe,  7,000,000  tons,  or  77%,  are  produced  in  these 
three  countries,  which  also  export  2,500,000  tons  an- 
nually, or  83%  of  the  total  sugar  exports  of  Europe. 
Sugar  conditions  in  other  European  countries  do  not 
materially  affect  the  international  sugar  situation,  and 
when  comparing  the  cost  of  raw  material  at  home  and 
abroad,  these  are  the  countries  which  must  be  taken  into 
consideration. 

The  beet  sugar  produced  in  the  United  States  is  refined 
sugar  for  direct  consumption,  but  to  afford  an  exact 
comparison,  the  United  States  production  of  refined  sugar 
per  ton  of  beets,  as  given  by  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, has  been  reduced  to  terms  of  raw.  on  the  basis 
of  100  pounds  of  raw  being  equivalent  to  90  pounds 
of  refined. 

Table  No.  VII,  attached  hereto,  shows  the  average 
number  of  pounds  of  raw  sugar  extracted  from  a  2,000 
pound  ton  of  beets  in  the  United  States  and  in  various 
European  countries  for  a  series  of  years. 

For  the  five-year  period  from  1907-08  to  1911-12  it 
will  be  seen  that  the  extraction  was  as  follows  : 

Germany 328.30  lbs. 

Russia 316.98  lbs. 

Austria-Hungary 315.20  lbs. 

United  States 274.57  lbs. 

As  will  be  seen  by  the  attached  data,  the  north  German 
and  the  Holland  sugar  manufacturers'  associations  have 
fixed  the  1913-14  price  of  beets  in  the  two  countries  at 
an  average  of  $4.34  per  2,000  pound  ton,  delivered  at  the 
factory  gates,  while  in  the  south,  the  factories  are  holding 
out  for  $4.32  J^. 

As  also  will  be  seen  by  the  attached  data  the  Prague 
Association  of  Raw  Sugar  Manufacturers  of  Bohemia 
and  the  Organization  of  Sugar  Beet  Growers  have  agreed 
upon  the  price  of  $3.68  per  2,000  pound  ton  for  the  1913- 
14  campaign,  delivered  at  receiving  stations,  and  $3.88 
delivered  at  the  factory.     The  latest  advices,  as  given  in 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 


foreign  sugar  journals,  are  to  the  effect  that  other  Aus- 
trian factory  and  beet  growers  associations  are  perfecting 
agreements  on  practically  the  same  basis. 

The  latest  obtainable  figures  on  Russia  are  given  by 
the  Minister  of  Finance  and  are  for  the  campaign  1911- 
12,  when  the  average  price  paid  throughout  the  Russian 
Empire  was  $3.90  per  2,000  pound  ton.  The  Minister's 
report  does  not  state  whether  the  price  is  for  beets  deliv- 
ered at  the  factory  or  at  receiving  stations,  but  in  the 
second  calculation  I  have  added  20f  per  ton  for  freight, 
as  in  Austria. 

The  average  price  paid  to  farmers  for  beets  in  the 
United  States,  as  given  in  the  April  issue  of  the  Crop 
Reporter,  issued  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  was 
$5.50  per  ton  in  1911  and  $5.82  per  ton  in  1912.  Direct 
reports  from  65  factories  show  an  average  freight  charge 
on  beets,  paid  by  the  factories,  of  43  cents  per  ton  in 
1911,  45  cents  in  1912,  and  41  cents  per  ton  for  agricul- 
tural expenses  in  1911,  38  cents  for  1912. 

Thus  the  average  cost  of  beets,  laid  down  at  the  factory 
gates  in  the  United  States,  was  $6.34  per  ton  in  1911  and 
$6.65  in  1912. 

Assuming  that  the  ofl&cial  figures  for  Russia  are  for 
beets  at  the  farm  and  not  delivered  to  the  factory,  and 
that  the  delivered  price  as  given  in  Germany  includes  20 
cents  per  ton  for  freight,  as  in  Austria,  the  following 
table  shows  the  average  amount  paid  to  farmers  in  four 
countries  for  each  100  pounds  of  extractable  raw  sugar 
which  their  beets  contain. 

Farmers^  Receipts  for  Raw  Material. 


si 

Ill 

Average    extrac- 
tion of  raw  sugar 
per  2000  lb.  ton  of 
beets,  1907-11. 

II 

m 

U.  S.   farm  cost 
per  100  lbs.  of  raw 
sugar  in  the  beet 
\va  excess  of  cost 
in  other  countries. 

United  States    .    . 

$5.82 
3.90 
3.68 
4.14 

274.57 
316.98 
315.20 
328.30 

$2.12    • 
-^  1.2,3 
1.16 
1.26 

Russia      

Austria -Hungary  . 
Germany     .... 

^     .89^ 
.96^ 
.86^ 

^  ^^^* 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 


COST  OF  BEETS  DELIVERED  AT  THE 
FACTORY. 

To  determine  the  cost  of  raw  material  to  the  factory, 
there  must  be  added  to  the  price  paid  the  farmer  for  his 
beets,  the  agricultural  expense  borne  by  the  factory  and 
the  freight  on  the  beets  from  receiving  station  to  factory . 
The  great  agricultural  expense  which  formerly  attached 
to  the  growing  of  beets  in  Europe  practically  has  dis- 
appeared, since  European  farmers  thoroughly  understand 
the  cultivation  of  this  crop,  and  although  they  naturally 
strive  to  secure  a  high  price  per  ton ,  they  are  anxious  to 
plant  beets  because  of  the  indirect  agricultural  advantages, 
and  while  the  agricultural  expense  is  decreasing  in  the 
United  States  and  eventually  will  be  eliminated  here  as 
it  has  been  in  Europe,  at  present  it  is  an  important  and 
a  necessary  item  of  expense  attaching  to  the  cost  of  raw 
material  in  the  United  States.  This  item  consists  of  the 
cost  of  soliciting  acreage,  superintendence  of  fields  by  the 
chief  factory  agriculturist  and  his  assistants  during  the 
planting  and  growing  season,  wear  and  tear  on  agri- 
cultural implements  loaned  to  farmers,  and  such  other 
expense  as  is  incurred  by  the  factory  in  the  field. 

In  Europe,  where  the  custom  of  rotating  cereal  crops 
with  a  hoed  crop  is  universal,  the  beet  supply  is  grown 
closer  to  the  factories  than  it  is  in  the  United  States  and 
the  freight  charges  are  correspondingly  lower.  Although 
the  freight  expense  in  the  United  States  was  greater  by 
2  cents  per  ton  in  1912  than  in  1911,  as  compared  with 
earlier  years,  it  is  much  less  now  and  it  will  continue  to 
be  a  decreasing  item  of  expense. 

The  following  table  shows  the  average  cost  to  the  fac- 
tory of  lOO'pounds  of  extractable  raw  sugar  in  the  beets, 
delivered  at  the  factory  gates,  in  the  United  States  and 
in  the  three  principal  European  beet  sugar  producing 
countries : 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 


Factory  Cost  of  Raw  Material. 


United  States. 
Average  price  paid  farmers 

in  1912 $5.82 

Average  freight  paid  by 

factories 45 

Average  agricultural  expense 
incurred  by  factories    .    .  .38 

Total  per  ton  .... 

Russia. 
Average  price  paid  for  beets 

in  1911 $3.90 

Assuming  for    freight 

as  in  Austria 20 

Total  per  ton  .... 

A  ustria- Hungary. 

Bohemia,  1913  contract  price 
at  receiving  stations  .  $3.68 
Contract  price  delivered  at 
factory 

Germany. 
Average  cost,  purchase  beets, 

1904  to  1910 14.44 

North  Germany,  average 
1913  contract  price  purchase 
beets,  delivered  at  factory 
gates 


Is 


S8 


Dollars. 


6.65 


4.10 


3.88 


4.34 


2S^ 


Pounds. 


274.57 


316.98 


315.20 


328.30 


Dollars. 


2.42 


1.29 


1.23 


1.32 


2  ?  51  "  . 
CO    .^ww 


Dollars. 


1.13 


1.19 


1.10 


The  difference  in  the  average  cost  of  raw  material  in 
our  principal  beet  sugar  producing  States,  is  given  in 
the  following  table.  The  average  cost  of  beets  laid 
down  at  the  factory  is  derived  by  adding  to  the  price 
paid  per  ton  of  beets  to  farmers  in  1912,  as  given  by  the 
Department  of  Agriculture,  45  cents,  average  freight 
paid  by  65  factories,  and  38  cents,  average  agricultural 
expense.  As  in  1912  the  Department  changed  its  classi- 
fication by  grouping  Wisconsin  with  certain  other  States 
and  forming  a  new  group  for  ''other  States,"  the 
extraction  as  shown  for  these  two  groups  in  the  follow- 
ing table  may  differ  slightly,  though  not  materially,  from 
what  would  be  shown  had  the  Department  not  changed 
its  classification. 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 

Factory  Cost  of  Raw  Material  by  States. 


Average   cost   of 

Pounds     of    raw 

Cost  of  100  pounds 

beets  per  ton.  laid 

sugar     extracted 

of       extractable 

down  at  factory, 

per  ton  of  beets. 

raw  sugar  in  the 

1912. 

1907-11. • 

beet. 

California    .    .    . 

^7.29 

324.93 

12.24 

Utah  and  Idaho  . 

5.80 

282.03 

2.05 

Colorado  .... 

6.79 

280.80 

2.42 

Michigan     .    .    . 

6.52 

263.37 

2.48 

Ohio,     Indiana, 

Illinois     and 

Wisconsin  .    . 

6.43 

260.93 

2.46 

Other  States    .    . 

6.64 

260.74 

2.55 

*  Based  on  100  pounds  of  raw  being  equal  to  90  pounds  of  refined  sugar. 


FROM  THE  FARMING  VIEWPOINT. 

As  stated  before,  the  drouth  of  1911  resulted  in  an 
abnormally  low  tonnage  per  acre  in  Western  Europe. 
The  yield  per  acre  during  the  preceding  five  years  was 
as  follows  in  the  four  countries  mentioned  : 

Tonnage  per  Acre. 


Average  for  the  Yeai^ 

Germany. 

Russia. 

Austria- 
Hungary. 

United 
States. 

1906-07  

1907-08 . 

1908-09 

1909-10 

1910-11  

14.16 
13.36 
12.08 
12.56 
14.70 

7.95 
6.31 
6.99 
5.64 
8.74 

11.70 
11.29 
10.71 
11.28 
12.36 

11.26 

10.16 

9.36 

9.71 

10.17 

Average  of  5  yrs.  1907-1911 

13.37 

7.126 

11.47 

10.13 

Taking  the  above  average  yield  for  five  years  and  apply- 
ing the  latest  available  figures  concerning  the  price  paid 
to  farmers  for  beets,  and  assuming  that  the  cost  of  freight 
in  Germany  is  20  cents  per  ton,  as  in  Austria,  the  average 
gross  returns  per  acre  to  farmers  in  the  four  countries 
are  as  follows : 

Gross  Returns  to  Farmers  Per  Acre. 
Russia  .   .    .    .7.126  tons  per  acre  @  |3.90  per  ton,  $27.79  per  acre 
Austria-Hungary  11.47  •'       "  @    3.68       "  42.21        " 

Germany  ....  13.37  "       "  @    4.14       ''  55.35 

United  States  .    .10.13"       "         @    5.82       "  58.95 

The  variation  in  gross  amount  per  acre  received  by 
farmers  for  their  beet  crop  in  our  leading  beet  sugar  pro- , 
ducing  States  is  as  follows  : 


10 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 


Calitornia  .  . 
Utah  and  Idaho 
Colorado  .  .  . 
Michigan  .  . 
Wisconsin  .  . 
Other  States    . 


Tons  of  beets  per 
acre.  1907-11. 


10.37 
11.32 
10.64 

8.58 
10.02 

9.07 


Price  paid  to 
farmers  per  ton 
for  beets  in  1912. 


$6.46 
4.97 
5.96 
5.69 

*5.60 
5.81 


Gross  returns 
per  acre. 


$66.99 
62.57 
63.41 
48.82 
56.11 
52.69 


*  Under  new  classification  by  Department  of  Agriculture,  this  is  the  average 
price  paid  in  Wisconsin,  Indiana,  Ohio  and  Illinois. 


Considering  the  difference  in  the  cost  of  farm  labor  in 
the  United  States  and  in  Europe,  it  is  evident  that  the 
disparity  in  the  cost  of  raw  material  is  not  due  to  inor- 
dinate profits  made  by  American  farmers,  hence  it  is 
impracticable  to  try  and  remedy  it  through  a  material 
lowering  of  the  price  of  beets  in  the  United  States. 

The  remedy  lies  with  the  education  of  our  farmers, 
who,  as  compared  with  German  farmers,  produce  24% 
less  tonnage  of  beets  per  acre  and  of  a  quality  which 
yields  the  factory  16%  less  sugar  per  ton.  As  a  result, 
from  1906  to  1910  inclusive,  American  farmers  produced 
an  average  of  but  2 ,  757  pounds  of  extractable  raw  sugar  per 
acre,  as  compared  with  4,355  pounds  produced  per  acre 
in  Germany  during  the  same  period.  From  a  like  quality 
of  beets  American  factories  extract  as  much  sugar  as  do 
European  factories,  and  the  equalization  of  the  cost  of 
raw  material  only  can  be  accomplished  on  the  farm. 
Here  it  is  a  new  crop,  while  European  farmers  have  had 
generations  of  experience. 


PRICE  OF  BEETS  IN  GERMANY. 

In  Germany,  beets  are  secured  in  three  ways  (l)  beets 
grown  by  the  factories,  (2)  contract  and  shareholders' 
beets,  (3)  purchase  beets.  The  percentage  of  each  class, 
as  given  by  the  German  Imperial  Bureau  of  Statistics,  is 
as  follows : 


Factory  grown  beets 4.09% 

Contract  and  shareholders'  beets  (co-operative)  40.48% 
Purchase  beets  ( Kaufrueben ) 55.43% 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR.  11 

The  low  initial  price  paid  for  the  first  two  classes  of 
beets  above  mentioned  does  not  necessarily  indicate  the 
real  value  of  the  beets  for  sugar-making  purposes,  as 
after  the  campaign  is  over,  an  additional  distribution  of 
a  certain  amount  per  ton  is  made  to  the  growers,  the 
amount  depending  upon  the  success  of  the  campaign. 
The  size  of  the  second  distribution  is  more  dependent 
upon  the  price  of  sugar  than  of  any  other  condition  and 
the  total  amount  received  per  ton  of  beets  includes  the 
manufacturing  as  well  as  the  agricultural  profits.  Pre- 
sumably for  this  reason  the  German  Government  does 
not  publish  the  average  price  for  either  of  these  classes 
of  beets,  but  confines  itself  to  reporting  the  cost  of  what 
are  termed  purchase  beets,  beets  which  are  purchased  by 
the  factories,  regardless  of  any  consideration  except  the 
value  of  the  beets  for  sugar-making  purposes  and  where 
the  price  is  not  affected  by  reason  of  free  seed  or  free 
pulp  or  by  any  other  consideration.  The  cost  of  these 
beets  for  the  past  eight  years,  as  given  by  the  German 
Imperial  Bureau  of  Statistics,  has  been  as  follows : 

Average  Prices. 
Per  Metric  Ton,     Per  2.000  lb.  Ton. 
Year.  Marks.  Dollars. 

1904-05 20.10  4.34 

1905-06 20.00  4.32 

1906-07 18.70  4.04 

1907-08 19.60  4.23 

1908-09 21.30  4.60 

1909-10 21.90  4.73 

1910-11    22.50  4.86 

Average  for  seven  years    ....  4.44 

1911-12 25.10  5.42 

The  price  paid  for  beets  in  Germany  and  other  portions 
of  western  Europe  in  1911  can  not  be  used  as  a  criterion, 
because  of  the  drouth  which  that  year  prevailed  through- 
out that  section  and  thereby  created  an  abnormal  price 
for  both  beets  and  sugar.  Prior  to  July  of  that  year, 
crop  conditions  were  favorable  and,  as  is  their  custom, 
raw  sugar  factories  sold  sugar  ahead  for  October - 
December  delivery.  In  July  a  prolonged  drouth  set 
in,  the  result  of  which  was  that  the  tonnage  of  beets 
harvested  in  the  autumn  amounted  to  less  than  8  tons 
per  acre  in  Germany,  or  but  little  over  one-half  the 
usual  yield.  With  a  shortage  in  Europe  of  1,760,000 
tons  of   sugar  and  the  consequent  high  prices,    sugar 


12  COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 

factories  bid  up  the  price  of  beets  to  a  figure  never  before 
known,  even  importing  large  quantities  from  Holland, 
thus  shortening  the  campaign  of  the  Dutch  factories. 
The  German  factories  secured  only  enough  beets  to 
operate  an  average  of  42  days,  as  compared  with  70  days 
the  year  before  and  many  factories  were  compelled  to 
purchase  raw  sugar  on  the  Magdeburg  market  at  high 
prices  in  order  to  fulfill  their  advance  sales  contracts. 

Following  the  half  crop  of  1911,  the  plantings  of  beets 
increased,  and  the  1912  beet  yield  was  a  million  tons  in 
excess  of  any  preceding  year.  With  this  bumper  crop, 
not  only  has  the  price  of  sugar,  but  of  beets  gone  down, 
the  drop  in  the  price  of  beets  in  Germany  being  even 
greater  than  it  was  in  1906,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  fol- 
lowing excerpt  from  the  Journal  des  Fabricants  de 
Sucre,  Paris,  February  12,  1913. 


PROVINCE  OF  SAXONY. 
(Excerpt  from  I/cading  Article.) 

In  consequence  of  better  offers  having  been  made  for  beets  by 
the  factories  it  is  not  likely  that  a  diminution  of  acreage  to  beets 
will  occur  in  Germany  (Province  Saxony),  IM.  to  Mk.  1.10  for 
50  Kg.  of  beets  will  be  paid  (equal  to  $4.31  per  short  ton);  in 
addition  the  grower  is  to  receive  50%  of  pulp. 


(Excerpt  from  Die  Deutsche  Zuckerindustrie,   March  14,   1913, 
page  239). 

GERMANY. 

Price  of  Beets  in  Germany.  ' 

The  beet  prices  are  dependent  usually  on  the  current  market 
price  of  sugar.  At  the  end  of  1911  the  price  of  raw  sugar  was  very 
high,  and  this  is  the  reason  why  all  German  beet  sugar  factories 
were  able  to  pay  high  prices  for  their  beets ;  but  recently  the  price 
of  sugar  has  reached  a  low  level,  wherefore  the  sugar  factories  of 
Germany,  especially  those  of  South  Germany,  are  determined  to 
secure  their  beets  at  a  lower  price  than  they  have  been  paying  up 
to  the  present  time.  This  was  brought  to  the  attention  of  Secre- 
tary of  State  Frhr.  Zorn  v.  Bulach  in  the  House  of  Representatives 
of  Alsace-Ivorraine,  and  he  was  asked  what  the  Government 
intended  doing  about  the  proposed  reduction  in  the  price  of  beets. 
The  honorable  gentleman  conferred  with  Representative  Wehrung, 
and  after  the  conference  stated  that  it  was  his  opinion  that  the 
farmers  should  organize  and  protest  against  the  lowering  of  the 
price  of  beets,  and  that  the  Government  is  not  in  a  position  to 
bring  pressure  to  bear  upon  the  farmers  to  accept  a  lower  price  for 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR.  13 

their  beets,  but  that  the  farmers  should  have  patience  and  when 
the  price  of  sugar  in  the  world  market  shall  warrant,  the  price  of 
beets  would  undoubtedly  return  to  the  level  of  what  it  was  in 
the  last  campaign. 

NKTHBRIyANDS  (Ibid). 

Nord-Brabandt,  12th  of  March,  1913. 

Contracts  for  beets  are  being  signed  up  in  different  districts. 
Fixed  prices  for  beets  have  been  determined  upon  as  follows  for 
the  campaign  1913-14. 

Dist.  1  and  2,  12  Florens  per  Metric  ton  ( equals  $4.38  per  short  ton ) . 
i.    3  11        «'        «<         «♦       «'  (     "         4.01    '*       "      "  ). 

"    4  12.70  *'         "        '•       *'  (     "         4.63   "       "      "  ). 

(Average  4.34). 

These  prices  are  paid  for  beets  delivered  at  the  factory  gates 
and  no  increase  or  deferred  payment  will  be  made  for  deferred 
deliveries.  The  *'  Bund  "  of  sugar  manufacturers  made  an  agree- 
ment with  the  German  sugar  factory  association  to  the  effect  that 
these  organizations  will  cooperate  with  each  other  in  keeping  the 
price  the  same  in  both  countries. 

From  the  above  it  appears  that  the  average  price  of 
purchase  beets  in  north  Germany  in  1913-14  delivered  at 
the  factory  will  be  $4.34  per  2,000  pound  ton,  or  10  cents 
per  ton  less  than  was  paid  during  the  7  years  preceding 
1911. 

The  following  article  indicates  that  the  price  of  beets 
for  this  year  is  to  be  about  the  same  in  south  Germany 
as  it  is  in  the  northern  provinces  of  the  Empire : 

(Excerpt  from  Die  Deutsche  Zuckerindustrie,  April  5th,   1913, 
page  980.) 

BBKT  GROWERS   versus  FACTORIES   IN   SOUTHERN 
GERMANY. 

The  Strassburger  Post  publishes  the  following  article : 

All  those  who  have  the  interest  of  agriculture  at  heart  will  be 
unpleasantly  surprised  at  the  agitation  started  by  beet  growers 
against  the  sugar  factories  ;  the  agitators  do  not  wish  to  look  facts 
in  the  face.  Any  agronomist  as  well  as  those  who  have  experi- 
ence in  beet  growing  will  frankly  admit  that  beet  culture  is  a 
blessing  for  agriculture  in  general,  and  1  Mark  per  50  Kg.  (equal 
to  $4,323^  per  short  ton)  paid  for  beets,  leaves  a  fair  margin  for 
the  grower. 

Unfortunately,  the  factory  is  not  in  a  position  to  adjust  the  sale 
price  of  sugar  to  the  purchase  price  of  beets,  but  has  to  part  with 


14  COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 

the  sugar  at  whatever  the  world's  market  price  happens  to  be. 
Considering  the  fact  that  sugar  is  a  product  dealt  in  by  the  world's 
producers  and  costs  (raw)  now  9.75  mark  per  50  Kg.  (equal  to 
J2.ll  per  100  lbs.)  factory  price,  we  do  not  see  how  it  is  possible 
to  pay  more  than  one  mark  per  centner  of  beets  ($4.32)^  per  short 
ton). 

All  agitation  in  the  world  will  not  remedy  this  state  of  affairs ; 
even  experts  will  tell  you  that  very  little  profit  can  be  made  by 
manufacturers  paying  1  Mark  per  centner  ($4.32)4  P^r  short  ton) 
if  sugar  is  not  going  to  be  higher  in  the  world's  markets. 

Beet  growers  should  realize  and  know  what  are  their  real  inter- 
ests a,)Rd  should  not  allow  themselves  to  be  incited  by  their 
so-called  friends  to  carry  on  a  senseless  agitation,  a  campaign 
against  the  beet  sugar  factory  owners  with  whom  they  should  have 
a  community  of  interests. 


PRICE  OF  BEETS  IN  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

The  Prague  (Bohemia)  organization  of  raw  sugar 
manufacturers  and  the  Organization  of  Beet  Growers 
have  fixed  the  price  of  beets  for  the  1913-14  campaign 
at  $3.68  per  short  ton  at  receiving  stations,  and  $3.88 
delivered  at  the  factories. 

On  February  28  the  Briinn  (Moravia)  raw  sugar 
manufacturers  and  the  beet  growers  were  close  to  an 
agreement.  The  growers  were  demanding  $3.95  per 
short  ton  for  all  beets,  with  an  increase  of  18  cents  per 
ton  if  the  factory  price  of  raw  sugar  during  October, 
November  and  December  should  exceed  2  cents  per 
pound.  The  factories  were  willing  to  pay  $3.95  for  one 
group,  but  were  holding  out  for  $3.78  for  other  beets, 
with  an  increase  of  14  cents  per  ton  if  the  price  of  sugar 
October-December  should  exceed  2.11  cents  per  pound. 

The  factories  of  Boemish  Brod  were  offering  but  $3.68 
per  short  ton,  with  an  increase  of  18  cents  per  ton  if  the 
October-December  price  of  raw  sugar  should  exceed 
$1.89  per  100  pounds. 

Austrian  export  sugar  is  shipped  down  the  Elbe  and 
across  Germany  to  Hamburg,  at  which  port  the  average 
price  in  1912,  October- December,  was  2.06  cents  per 
pound. 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR.  15 

(Excerpt  from  Prager  Zuckermarkt,  February  26,  1913.     Page  168. 
Beet  Sugar  Purchases,  Campaign  1913-14. ) 

The  Association  of  the  Prague  Raw  Sugar  factories  has  per- 
fected in  harmony  with  the  Organization  of  Sugar  Beet  Growers 
their  agreement  for  delivery  of  beets  during  campaign  1913-14  on 
the  basis  of  2.10  kronen  per  double  zentner  (220  pounds)  delivered 
at  factory  ($3.88  per  short  ton) ;  and  on  the  basis  2.00  kronen  per 
double  zentner  (^3.68  per  short  ton),  delivered  at  the  field  receiv- 
ing station.  Conditions  of  delivery  to  remain  the  same  as  in  pre- 
ceding campaign  1911-12. 

(Excerpt  from  the  Journal  des  Fabri cants  de  Sucre,  March  12, 
1913.) 

AUSTRIA. 
Bohetnia-Moravia . 
From  leading  article  by  G.  Bureau. 

In  Austria  negotiations  regarding  Beet  Contracts  and  agree- 
ments about  Kaufrueben  (purchase  beets)  are  being  carried  on. 

The  prospects  for  an  understanding  between  the  growers  and 
factories  now  rest  upon  a  solid  basis  and  it  is  most  likely  that 
shortly  an  arrangement  acceptable  to  both  sides  will  be  made. 

At  a  meeting  in  Briinn,  Moravia,  held  on  February  28th,  1913, 
by  representatives  of  sugar  factories  and  delegates  of  the  Organi- 
zation of  Beet  Growers,  the  sugar  factories  advocated  the  adoption 
of  a  minimum  price  as  a  basis  of  a  certain  level  eventually  attained 
by  sugar  quotations;  the  growers  agreeing  to  this  in  principle, 
have  asked  that  the  price  of  purchase  beets  be  fixed  at  2.15  kronen 
per  100  Kg.  (=  $3.95  per  short  ton)  with  an  increase  of  10  hellers 
(18  cents  per  short  ton  of  beets) — if  sugar  quotations  rise  above 
22  kronen  (|4.46  per  100  Kg.  sugar,  or  $2.00  per  100  lbs.). 

The  factory  delegates  have  offered  2.05  kronen  per  100  Kg. 
beets  (  =  $3.78  per  short  ton)  for  the  first  group  (district) — and 
2.15  kronen  per  1(K)  Kg.  for  every  kronen  (|0.203)  rise  in  price 
of  sugar  beyond  22  kronen — ($4.46  per  100  Kg.  sugar,  or  $2.00  per 
100  lbs. ). 

In  some  parts  of  Moravia  beets  were  purchased  at  fixed  prices. 

The  Sugar  Factories  of  Boemish  Brod  offer  2  kronen  per  100 
Kg.  beets  (=$3.68  per  short  ton)  with  an  increase  for  every  100 
Kg.  of  10  hellers  (18  cents  per  short  ton)  if  sugar  quotations 
reach  above  20.50  kronen  ($4.16  per  100  Kg.  of  sugar,  or  $1.89 
per  100  lbs. )  delivery  October-December,  1913. 

The  following  tabulated  figures  for  the  various 
provinces  of  Austria-Hungary  are  from  the  oflScial 
publication,  Mitteilungen  des  K.  K.  Finans  Minis- 
teriuras.  Only  minimum  and  maximum  prices  are  given 
in  the  report  of  the  Finance  Minister  and  it  is  impossible 
to  derive  the  average  price.  I  have  added,  however,  a 
column  giving  the  mean  of  the  minimum  and  maximum. 


16 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 
Bohemia.     Official  Figures. 


Hellers  per  100  kilos. 

Per  2.000  pound  ton. 

U.S.  Currency 

Year. 

Min.  8c  Max. 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Minimum 

Maximum 

1895-96 

130 

260 

$2.39 

$4.79 

$3.59 

1896-97 

160 

270 

2.95 

4.97 

3.96 

1897-98 

160 

260 

2.95 

4.79 

2.87 

1898-99 

160 

250 

3.13 

4.61 

3.87 

1899-1900 

170 

274 

3.13 

5.05 

4.09 

1900-1 

180 

274 

3.32 

5.05 

4.19 

1901-2 

160 

250 

2.95 

4.61 

3.78 

1902-3 

140 

272 

2.58 

5.02 

3.80 

1903-4 

140 

250 

2.58 

4.61 

3.60 

1904-5 

160 

276 

2.95 

5.09 

4.02 

1905-6 

170 

290 

3.13 

5.35 

4.24 

1906-7 

160 

290 

2.95 

5.35 

4.15 

1907-8 

170 

265 

3.13 

4.89 

4.01 

1908-9 

185 

282 

3.41 

5.19 

4.30 

Moravia.     Official  Figures. 

Hellers  per  100  kilos. 

Per  2.000  pound  ton. 

U.  S.  Currency 

Year. 

liyroan    l\( 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Min.  &  Max. 

1895-96 

172 

260 

$3.15 

$4.80 

$3.98 

1896-97 

160 

236 

2.95 

4.35 

3.65 

1897-98 

160 

240 

2.95 

4.42 

3.69 

1898-99 

170 

249 

3.13 

4.59 

3.86 

1899-1900 

170 

245 

3.13 

4.51 

3.82 

1900-1 

170 

274 

3.13 

5.05 

4.10 

1901-2 

170 

242 

3.13 

4.47 

3.80 

1902-3 

162 

240 

2.99 

4.42 

3.70 

1903-4 

170 

237 

3.13 

4.37 

3.75 

1904-5 

168 

260 

3.10 

4.80 

3.95 

1905-6 

183 

275 

3.41 

5.08 

4.24 

1906-7 

180 

274 

3.32 

5.06 

4.19 

1907-8 

170 

264 

3.13 

4.87 

4.00 

1908-9 

205 

284 

3.77 

5.23 

4.50 

Silesia.     Official  Figures. 

Hellerg  per  100  kilos 

Per  2,000  pound  ton 

U.  S.  Currency 

Year 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Min.  &  Mar. 

1895-96 

210 

250 

$3.87 

$4.61 

$4.24 

1896-97 

190 

237 

3.50 

4.37 

3.94 

1897-98 

190 

200 

3.50 

3.69 

3.60 

1898-99 

206 

248 

3.80 

4.57 

4.19 

1899-1900 

216 

247 

3.98 

4.56 

4.27 

1900-1 

212 

248 

3.91 

4.57 

4.24 

1901-2 

219 

243 

4.03 

4.48 

4.26 

1902-3 

210 

236 

3.87 

4.35 

4.11 

1903-4 

180 

242 

3.32 

4.47 

3.90 

1904-5 

180 

248 

3.32 

4.57 

3.95 

1905-6 

200 

246 

3.69 

4.54 

4.12 

1906-7 

190 

251 

3.50 

4.63 

4.06 

1907-8 

200 

249 

3.69 

4.59 

4.24 

1908-9 

220 

257 

4.06 

4.74 

4.40 

COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 
Galicia.     Official  Figures. 


17 


Hellers  per  100  kilos 

Per  2,000  pound  ton 

U.  S.  Currency 

Year 

IV/Tsan   rS 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Min.  &  Max. 

1895-96 

190 

210 

^3.50 

153.87 

$3.68 

1896-97 

200 

220 

3.69 

4.06 

3.87 

1897-98 

200 

220 

3.69 

4.06 

3.87 

1898-99 

190 

220 

3.50 

4.06 

3.78 

1899-1900 

190 

226 

3.50 

4.17 

3.84 

1900-1 

190 

210 

3.50 

3.87 

3.69 

1901-2 

208 

210 

3.84 

3.87 

3.85 

1902-3 

191 

208 

3.52 

3.84 

3.68 

1903-4 

189 

190 

3.49 

3.50 

3.50 

1904-5 

210 

3.87 

1905-6 

208 

3.83 

1906-7 

189 

3.49 

1907-8 

200 

- 

3.69 

1908-9 

200 

3.69 

Austria  below  the  Ems.     Official  Figures. 


Hellers  per  100  kilos 

Per  2,000  pound  ton 

Year 

Mean  of 
Min.  &  Max. 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Minimum 

Maximum 

1895-96 

200 

230 

$3.69 

$4.24 

$3.96 

1896-97 

222 

230 

4.10 

4.24 

4.17 

1897-98 

222 

230 

4.10 

4.24 

4.17 

1898-99 

206 

212 

3.76 

3.91 

3.84 

1899-1900 

205 

230 

3.78 

4.24 

4.01 

1900-1 

210 

230 

3.87 

4.24 

4.05 

1901-2 

210 

218 

3.87 

4.02 

3.95 

1902-3 

202 

260 

3.72 

4.79 

4.25 

1903-4 

207 

221 

3.81 

4.07 

3.94 

1904-5 

185 

225 

3.41 

4.15 

3.78 

1905-6 

200 

240 

3.69 

4.42 

4.06 

1906-7 

200 

230 

3.69 

4.24 

3.96 

1907-8 

200 

248 

3.69 

4.57 

4.23 

1908-9 

245 

250 

4.52 

4.61 

4.56 

Hungary  and  Bukowina.      Official  Figures. 

Hellers  per  100  kilos. 

Per  2,000  pound  ton. 

U.  S.  Currency 

Year. 

Mean  of 
Min.  &  Max. 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Minimum 

Maximum 

1895-96 

160 

300 

$2.95 

$5.53 

$4.14 

1896-97 

180 

300 

3.32 

5.53 

4.42 

1897-98 

180 

300 

3.32 

5.53 

4.42 

1898-99 

163 

300 

3.00 

5.53 

4.26 

1899-1900 

104 

300 

1.92 

5.53 

3.72 

1900-1 



1901-2 





1902-3 

170 

300 

3.13 

5.53 

4.33 

1903-4 

224 

234 

4.13 

4.32 

4.22 

1904-5 

251 



4.63 

1905-6 

255 

272 

4.69 

5.02 

4.85 

1906-7 

200 

240 

3.69 

4.42 

4.05 

1907-8 

236 

245 

4.35 

4.52 

4.43 

1908-9 

252 

264 

4.65 

4.87 

4.76 

18  COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 

PRICE  OF  BEETS  IN  RUSSIA. 

The  drouth  of  1911  which  shortened  the  sugar  crop  of 
Europe  1,760,000  tons  did  not  materially  affect  the  prin- 
cipal beet  growing  sections  of  Russia  and  the  average 
tonnage  per  acre,  while  below  that  of  1910,  was  greater 
than  it  had  been  in  any  other  year  subsequent  to  1906, 
and  consequently  the  price  of  beets  was  normal. 

Prices  quoted  to  me  as  being  paid  in  the  vicinity  of 
Warsaw  in  November,  1911,  were  27  to  30  kopeks  per 
Russian  hundred  pounds  (2.4  lbs.  per  kilo),  which  is 
equal  to  $3.08  to  $3.43  per  short  ton. 

In  1911  the  French  Association  of  Sugar  Manufact- 
urers appointed  a  commission  to  visit  and  investigate  the 
Russian  sugar  producing  districts.  The  report  of  the 
Association  was  made  by  one  of  its  members,  Mons. 
Emile  Saillard,  agronomic  engineer,  professor  at  the 
Government  School  of  Agricultural  Industries,  and  Di- 
rector of  the  Laboratory  of  the  Association  of  Sugar 
Manufacturers  of  France.  In  this  report  M.  Saillard 
quotes  the  cost  of  beets  at  various  factories  at  from  20 
francs  to  23 J^  francs  per  metric  ton,  or  from  $3.44  to 
$4.15  per  2,000  pound  ton.  He  gives  the  average  of 
three  provinces  as  21,  23.25  and  22.90  francs  per  metric 
ton,  or  $3.68,  $4.07  and  $4.02  respectively,  per  2,000 
pound  ton. 

Die  Deutsche  Zuckerindustrie  of  February  28,  1913, 
gives  13  kopeks  per  pud  of  36.113  lbs.,  equal  to  $3.72 
per  short  ton,  as  the  price  paid  for  beets  by  the  Ssobo- 
lewka  factory  in  the  Province  of  Podolia  ;  and  14  kopeks 
per  pud,  or  $3.98  as  the  price  paid  by  the  Schsuprunowka 
factory  in  the  Province  of  Charkow. 

The  annual  Report  of  the  Russian  Minister  of  Finance 
for  1911  gives  $3.90  per  short  ton  as  the  average  cost 
throughout  Russia  for  the  campaign  of  1911-12. 

From  Annuai.  Report  of  the  Minister 
OF  Finance. 

Excerpt  from  report  of  Kapinst,  Chief  of  Government 
Factory  Inspection,  to  Senator  Novitzke,  Imperial  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture  and  aid  to  Wierchnjatsck 
Kokowzoo,  Minister  of  Finance  and  President  of  the 
Imperial  Cabinet,  given  under  date  of  May  21,  1912. 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR.  19 

(CAMPAIGN   1911-12). 

In  Russia  from  707,441  dessiatines  of  beets  there  were  harvested 
825,731,000  puds  of  beets  which  yielded  9,510, 166y%  berkovetz  (as 
given  by  Rathke,  1,944,677  acres,  14,931,866  short  tons  of  beets, 
2,293,115  short  tons  of  sugar). 

Beets,  average  price  throughout  Russia,  1.65  rubles  per  berko- 
vetz (=^3.90  per  short  ton).  The  lowest  price  is  paid  on  the 
Trans-Dnieper  region  and  in  Russian  Poland,  where  acreage  to 
beets  was  about  10%  of  the  total  beet  area. 

The  four  provinces,  Kieff,  Podolia,  Kursk  and  Charkow,  which 
have  an  area  about  twice  that  of  Bavaria  and  Wurttemberg,  are 
our  greatest  beet  growing  provinces,  producing  about  71  %  of  all 
our  beets.  Wolhynie,  Tchernigow,  Poltowa,  Woronege  and  Tam- 
bow  come  next. 

Kight  million  two  hundred  and  twenty  dessaitines  (22,239,000 
acres)  of  land  have  in  recent  years  been  given  over  to  the  peasantry 
and  a  large  number  of  those  peasants  have  caught  the  * '  sugar 
beet  fever  "  and  are  planting  a  portion  of  their  holdings  to  beets. 

The  above  mentioned  lands  (22,239,000  acres)  formerly  belonged 
to  the  Imperial  Family,  the  Government  and  to  large  landowners. 

It  is  surprising  to  note  that  Russia,  notwithstanding  its  large 
stock  of  sugar,  still  is  continuing  to  increase  the  area  of  beet  cul- 
tivation. It  results  from  the  fact  that  the  quantity  of  sugar  each 
factory  is  licensed  to  sell  in  the  home  market  would  be  reduced 
by  law  if  its  output  of  sugar  were  to  decrease  in  comparison  with 
factories  placed  side  by  side  (factories  of  like  capacity). 

Factories,  therefore,  are  interested  in  increasing  their  produc- 
tion, so  as  not  to  see  their  home  market  sales  diminished.  This 
peculiarity  in  the  Russian  law  leads  us  to  produce  more  beets  than 
we  need,  whether  we  make  money  on  our  foreign  sales  or  not,  as 
the  factories  expect  to  recoup  themselves  on  their  home  sales  when 
the  relation  between  the  prices  paid  at  home  and  those  paid  abroad 
are  regulated. 


PRICE  OF  BEETS  IN  FRANCE. 

From  the  Bulletin  de  Statistique,  issued  by  the  French 
Minister  of  Finance. 


20 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 


Campaign 
Year. 

Francs  per 
1,000  Kilos. 

Equivalent  in 
U.  S.  Currency 
per  2,000 lb.  Ton. 

1892-3 

26.98 

$4.71 

1893-4 

28.20 

4.94 

1894-5 

25.97 

4.53 

1895-6 

26.43 

4.63 

1896-7 

24.30 

4.26 

1897-8 

25.97 

4.53 

1898-9 

30.24 

5.29 

1899-1900 

30.06 

5.22 

1900-01 

29.71 

5.15 

1901-2 

25.45 

4.45 

1902-3 

23.01 

4.03 

1903-4 

22.39 

3.91 

1904-5 

22.23 

3.89 

1905-6 

24.61 

4.30 

1906-7 

21.78 

3.79 

1907-8 

22.71 

3.98 

1908-9 

23.90 

4.18 

1909-10 

24.37 

4.26 

1910-11 

26.52 

4.65 

1911-12 

28.61 

5.01 

Average  for  10  yrs.  $4.77 


Average  for  10  yrs.  $4.20 


PRICE  OF  BEETS  IN  HOI.LAND. 

The  following  ofi&cial  figures  are  from  the  Gemiddelte 
Marktprijzon  von  Landbouwproducten  Konynkrijk  der 
Nederlanden  Rijk  in  Europa.  Centraal  Bureau  voor  de 
Statistick. 


Official  Figures,  Average  Cost  of  all  Beets. 


Year 

Florins 

Dollars 

Per  100  kg. 

Per  2.000  lb.  Ton 

Per  2,000  lb.  Ton 

1898 

1.00 

9.09 

$3.65 

1899 

1.00 

9.09 

3.65 

1900 

0.915 

8.61 

3.46 

1901 

0.955 

8.68 

3.49 

1902 

0.890 

8.09 

3.25 

1903 

0.970 

8.82 

3.64 

1904 

1.075 

9.77 

3.92 

1905 

1.200 

10.91 

4.38 

1906 

1.00 

9.09 

3.65 

1907 

1.045 

9.50 

3.82 

1908 

1.20 

10.91 

4.38 

1909 

1.20 

10.91 

4.38 

1910 

1.25 

11.36 

4.56 

COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR.  21 

As  Stated  elsewhere,  the  Dutch  and  German  raw  sugar 
associations  have  fixed  the  price  of  beets  for  the  campaign 
1913-14,  delivered  at  the  factory  gates,  as  follows  : 

Dist.  1  and  2, 12      Florens  per  metric  ton  ( equals  $4. 38  per  short  ton) 
♦'    3,  11  **        "       '•       "    (    "         4.01   "      ''      •'   ) 

<«    4,  12.70       "        "        **       "    (    "        4.63   "      "      ''  ) 

(Average 4.34    '*      **      "   ) 


COST  OF  FARM  LABOR  IN   THE   BEET  FIELDS 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  IN  EUROPE. 

The  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  recently  issued 
a  bulletin  on  the  cost  of  farm  labor  in  1912,  in  which  it 
was  stated  : 

*' Wages  now,  compared  with  the  average  of  wages  during  the 
eighties,  are  about  53  per  cent  higher;  compared  with  the  low 
year  of  1894  wages  now  are  about  65  per  cent  higher.  The  current 
average  rate  of  farm  wages  in  the  United  States,  when  board  is 
included,  is,  by  the  month,  $20.81;  by  the  day,  other  than  harvest, 
$1.14;  at  harvest,  $1.54.  When  board  is  not  included  the  rate  is, 
by  the  month,  $29.58;  by  the  day,  other  than  harvest,  $1.47;  by 
the  day,  at  harvest,  $1.87." 

An  analysis  of  the  labor  figures  as  given  in  the  March 
Crop  Reporter  of  the  Department  shows  that  the  average 
wage  of  day  laborers  on  the  farms  in  the  16  sugar  beet 
States  in  1912  was  $2.45  at  harvest  time  and  $1.95  at 
other  seasons  of  the  year.  From  76  direct  reports  re- 
ceived from  the  various  beet  growing  sections,  I  found 
that  the  average  daily  wage  in  the  beet  fields  was  $2.21, 
the  average  daily  earnings  of  piece  workers,  $3.25. 

A  comparison  of  these  wages  with  the  wages  paid  in 
the  beet  fields  of  Europe  is  illuminating. 

The  wage  rate  for  agricultural  laborers  in  Poland  is 
26.2  cents  per  day  for  men,  and  20.6  cents  for  women, 
while  the  German  wage  rate  is  the  highest  to  be  found  in 
the  three  great  European  beet  sugar  producing  countries. 
Due  to  the  introduction  of  sugar  beets  and  the  other  root 
crops  which  followed  and  were  introduced  in  the  rota- 
tion, the  acreage  yield  of  cereal  crops  in  Germany  has 
been  more  than  doubled  and  instead  of  assisting  emigra- 
tion because  of  inability  to  feed  a  population  of  30,000,000 


22  COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 

people,  Germany  to-day  with  a  population  of  65,000,000 
people  annually  imports  800,000  seasonal  workers  to  help 
till  her  fields  and  work  in  her  shops. 

Sixty-seven  per  cent  of  these  workers  come  from  cer- 
tain provinces  of  Russia  and  Austria,  the  other  two  great 
sugar  producing  countries,  attracted  by  the  higher  wage 
which  prevails  in  the  German  Empire. 

Due  to  a  semi-ofl&cial  immigration  bureau  and  to  strict 
passport  regulations  which  prevent  an  emigrant  from 
living  in  any  portion  of  the  German  Empire  save  the 
particular  place  for  which  he  or  she  is  booked,  the  wage 
is  fixed  and  regulated  to  a  nicety.  Of  late,  certain  dis- 
tricts of  other  countries  which  need  workers  have  been 
bidding  against  Germany. 

The  Director  of  the  German  Labor  Bureau  gives  the 
following  as  the  standard  wage  when  all  allowances  have 
been  converted  into  money  : 

For  Men. 

Germany  1  Mark  74  Pfennigs  per  day  (41.4  cents  U.  S. ) 

"  "  (45.2  cents  U.  S.) 
"  "  (41.1  cents  U.  S.) 
"  '•  (41.1  cents  U.  S.) 
•'      •'    (42.1  cents  U.  S.) 

For  Women. 

Germany  1  Mark  51  Pfennigs  per  day  (36.0  cents  U.  S.) 
Denmark  1     "       49         '*  "       "    (35.4  cents  U.  S.) 

Prague      1     "       52         "  "      "     (36.1  cents  U.  S.) 

Vienna      1     *•       55         *'  "       "    (36.9  cents  U.  S.) 

Crakow     1     "      60        "  "      "    (38.0  cents  U.  S.) 

The  Director  remarks,  "  these  figures  show  that  our 
European  competitors  are  trying  to  dislodge  us  from  the 
field  "  and  in  order  to  save  the  day  for  Germany,  he 
earnestly  pleads,  *'we  ought  to  grant  an  increase  in 
wages  of  say  3  pfennigs  per  day  for  men  dVV  of  one  cent), 
and  2  pfennigs  (tA  of  one  cent)  for  women."  He  says, 
*'  I  believe  we  ought  to  grant  this  increase  in  wages,  as 
we  can  not  get  around  it,  and  it  would  not  be  too  heavy 
a  burden  for  our  agriculturists  to  pay."  The  question 
of  this  pitiful  increase  of  less  than  three-quarters  of 
one  cent  per  day  has  assumed  national  importance 
in  Germany,  where,  before  it  yet  is  light  enough  to  see 
distinctly,  farm  laborers,  like  ghosts,  flit  by  to  their  work, 
later  slacking  30  minutes  for  breakfast,  60  to  90  minutes 


Denmark  1     " 

'      90 

Prague      1     ' 

'      73 

Vienna      1     * ' 

'      73 

Crakow     1     " 

.      77 

COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR.  23 

for  dinner  and  30  minutes  for  the  "  vesper  meal,"  after 
which  they  work  until  darkness  comes  on  at  9  to  10 
o'clock  in  that  northern  climate,  and  all  for  41  cents  per 
day.  In  the  beet  fields,  these  sturd)^  laborers  are  the 
most  expert  of  any  to  be  found.  So  superior  are  conti- 
nental laborers  in  this  work  that  last  year  the  new  beet 
sugar  factory  erected  at  Cantley,  England,  imported  con- 
tinental laborers  to  take  the  place  of  native  farm  laborers 
whom  they  were  paying  2  shillings  6  pence  (60  cents  per 
day).  After  paying  the  Europeans  much  higher  wages 
than  they  paid  to  Englishmen,  they  found  that  they 
still  had  saved  $10.00  per  acre  by  the  operation. 

When  hundreds  of  thousands  of  seasoned,  skilled 
agricultural  workmen  are  glad  of  the  chance  to  migrate 
and  toil  from  sun-up  to  sun-down  for  a  week  in  the  fields 
of  Europe  for  the  same  wage  an  American  farmer  pays 
for  one  day's  labor  in  the  United  States,  it  is  not  sur- 
prising that  the  American  farmer  needs  and  asks  for 
protection. 

(Bxcerpt  from  Blatter  fiir  Zuckerriibenbau,  December  31,  1912, 
page  387.) 

CONDITION   OF   THE   FOREIGN   lyABOR   MARKET. 

By  Freihkrr  von  Busche  Kessei,, 

Director  of  the  German  Labor  Bureau,  Berlin. 

In  considering  the  business  year,  regarding  the  development 
which  has  occurred  in  the  German  labor  m^irket,  we  find  that  in 
the  spring  of  the  year  we  had  an  ample  supply  of  it,  especially 
from  Russia,  but  even  at  Easter,  labor  became  scarce,  the  supply 
not  entirely  meeting  the  demand  (during  summer  and  fall)  made 
by  industrial  and  agricultural  centers.  Notwithstanding  the  high 
commission  offered  to  labor  agencies  the  efforts  made  to  bring  foreign 
laborers  in  considerable  numbers  to  Germany,  were  fruitless.  This 
was  due  to  bad  weather  at  harvest  time  here  and  abroad,  which 
lengthened  the  period  of  harvesting.  Consequently,  a  great 
number  of  farm  hands  who  would  have  come  to  Germany  for  work 
were  unavoidably  detained  in  their  own  country. 

Although  we  succeeded  in  procuring  a  good  supply  of  labor  for 
spring  work,  as  stated  above,  during  the  summer  and  after  Easter 
the  supply  did  not  correspond  with  the  demand.  If  we  did  get 
enough  laborers  to  help  us  out  until  the  latter  time,  we  owe  it  to 
Russia,  for  she  sent  us  far  more  men  than  in  the  previous  year,  and 
there  was  not  only  a  relative,  but  an  absolute  decrease  in  this  re- 
spect from  Galicia. 

If  you  follow  my  figures  in  this  article  carefully,  you  will  find 


24  COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 

that  Galicia  can  no  longer  be  looked  upon  as  a  favorable  recruiting 
ground  as  immigration  from  that  quarter  is  gradually  diminishing. 

Now  as  to  the  ensuing  year :  We  must  expect  an  increased  de- 
mand for  foreign  labor,  particularly  as  related  to  our  industries, 
as  we  are  still  on  the  upward  curve  in  industrial  activity.  In 
looking  over  contracts  and  reports  of  important  financial  institu- 
tions and  of  large  industrial  establishments,  we  find  everywhere 
that  orders  are  abundant,  the  execution  of  which  will  last  well 
into  the  summer  and  it  will  require  a  large  force  of  workmen  to 
execute  these  orders.  Transportation  reports  from  the  railways 
and  other  signs  of  the  times  point  in  the  same  direction. 

The  Balkan  war  (if  limited  to  the  powers  warring  at  present) 
will  scarcely  affect  our  industrial  development.  But  if  a  world 
war  breaks  out,  the  conditions  would  be  different.  The  farmer 
would  not  worry  about  lack  of  workmen  the  factory  needs,  but 
immigration  for  the  benefit  of  either  industry  or  agriculture  would 
cease.  In  such  a  case  we  have  no  means  of  finding  a  remedy. 
However,  it  would  be  a  greater  calamity  for  Germany  if,  without 
her  men  going  to  fight,  Austria  and  Russia  were  to  mobilize  and 
keep  at  home  the  men  who  otherwise  would  emigrate. 

Under  normal  conditions  we  shall  require  a  large  number  of 
immigrants  to  satisfy  the  needs  of  our  flourishing  industries.  The 
following  tables  show  how  many  workmen  we  procured  from 
abroad  and  the  proportion  that  were  engaged  in  our  industries : 

1909.  Total  of  workmen 643,000 

In  Agriculture  375,000  =  58.3% 

In  Industries  268, 000  =  41 . 7  % 
1910-11.     Total  of  immigrants 696,000 

In  Agriculture  388,000=  55.7% 

In  Industries  308,000  =  44.3  % 
1911-12.     Total  of  immigrants 729,000 

In  Agriculture  397,000  =  55     % 

In  Industries    332 ,  000  =  45>^  % 

Although  we  had  33,000  more  immigrants  this  year  than  last, 
yet  24,000  went  to  work  in  industrial  establishments  and  only  9,000 
on  farms.  Summing  up  the  foreign  labor  supply,  the  proportion 
of  industrial  workers  has  recently  increased  much  more  rapidly 
than  that  of  agricultural  laborers. 

On  account  of  the  rising  curve  in  the  extension  of  our  intensive 
agricultural  methods,  we  must  look  to  foreign  countries  next 
Spring  for  an  increase  in  our  demand  for  agricultural  laborers, 
also  because  the  preparatory  work  on  the  farms  has  been  delayed 
in  Russia  owing  to  unfavorable  weather  conditions.  This  will 
delay  the  usual  contingent  coming  from  there  to  help  us  in  our 
work. 

A  considerable  number  of  our  agriculturists  in  different  parts  of 
Germany  are  behind  in  their  farm  work  and  they  will  have  to 
apply  intensive  methods  in  order  to  make  up  for  lost  time.  This 
will   absolutely  compel  them  to  employ  (this  Spring,  1913),  an 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR.  25 

increased  number  of  foreign  laborers  far  in  excess  of  the  number 
employed  last  season.  Our  Bureau  will  be  kept  exceedingly  busy 
in  consequence  of  this,  and  we  are  apprehensive  lest  the  demand 
shall  be  greater  than  the  meager  supply  we  will  have  to  offer. 
L/ast  year's  bad  harvests  in  Russia  forced  a  vast  number  of  laborers 
to  come  to  us  for  work,  who  otherwise  would  not  have  come. 
However,  as  Russia,  this  year,  had  a  good  harvest,  the  incentive 
on  the  part  of  many  to  emigrate  does  not  exist.  We  will  be  cur- 
tailed in  this  direction  and  fears  are  entertained  that  the  decrease 
in  immigration  from  Galicia  will  further  hamper  us  in  the  way  of 
a  sufficient  supply  of  workers. 

Now  we  come  to  the  Poles  and  Ruthenians,  who  make  up  a 
large  quota  of  our  foreign  laborers  and  we  find  that  Galicia  proper 
has  given  us  only  114,000  farm  laborers  in  1909-10;  in  1910-11 
only  109,000;  and  last  year  only  97,000,  a  minus  of  17,000  as 
compared  with  two  years  ago;  and  a  minus  of  12,000  as  compared 
with  the  previous  year.  These  figures  are  sufficiently  eloquent 
without  my  having  further  to  comment  on  them. 

Of  course,  Russia  has  helped  us  hitherto  by  sending  us  in 

1909-10 242,000  agricultural  laborers. 

191C-11 238,000 

1911-12 262,000 

However,  it  is  a  serious  matter  for  us  Germans  to  have  to  depend 
more  and  more  on  *  *  Russia  ' '  for  our  supply  of  agricultural  labor- 
ers. I  put  emphasis  on  the  word  "Russia'*  as  there  the  police 
not  only  pry  into  the  political  conduct  of  the  workmen,  but  also 
have  their  say  in  rural  economics.  In  the  matter  of  migration, 
the  will  of  the  police  is  supreme.  In  order  to  cross  the  frontier, 
every  foot  of  which  is  closely  guarded,  a  Russian  subject  must  be 
provided  with  a  specified  permit  and  those  permits  are  issued  ac- 
cording to  commercial  treaties  made  between  Russia  and  Germany 
from  time  to  time, — and  when  you  bear  in  mind  that  Russia  is  a 
country  which  largely  exports  agricultural  products,  you  will  then 
realize  the  gravity  of  the  situation  which  confronts  Germany  with 
respect  to  the  latter  having  to  depend  mainly  on  Russia  for  her 
supply  of  agricultural  laborers. 

Men  who  know  Russian  conditions  in  the  interior,  believe  that 
she  is  on  the  eve  of  a  new  revolution  and  it  only  requires  some 
sort  of  foreign  complication  to  fan  the  glowing  embers  into  a 
flame.  China,  Persia,  the  Balkans, — the  mention  of  any  of 
these  three  names  will  give  us  food  for  thought.  Therefore,  not 
to  be  entirely  dependent  on  Russia  for  our  labor  supply,  we  must 
bestow  our  attention  on  Galicia.  And  why  has  the  supply  of 
laborers  from  Galicia  decreased?  Ivet  us  examine  this  question. 
First  of  all,  we  have  competitors  in  the  European  labor  market. 

Last  year  we  offered  for  men  per  day,  1  M.  74  (41.4  cents) 
women     '*  1  M.  51  (36  cents) 

or  allowances  converted  into  the  same  amount  of  money. 


26  COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 

Denmark,  at  that  time,  made  contracts  paying 

Men  per  day 1  M.  90  (45.2  cents) 

Women  per  day 1  M.  49  (35.4  cents) 

For  men  a  plus  of  16  Fig.  =  (3.  8  cents) 

For  women  a  minus  of  2  Pfg.      =  (0.47  cents)  per  day. 

The  National  Central  Bureau  of  Prague,  which  hires  the  largest 
percentage  of  laborers  for  the  Bohemian  landowners,  offered  men 
M.  1.73  (41.1  cents)  per  day,  and  women  1.52  M.  (36.1  cents). 

The  great  Agricultural  Central  Bureau  in  Vienna,  which  hires 
people  for  all  Austria  at  M.  1.73  (41.1  cents),  also  offered  the 
women  M.  1.55  (36.9  cents). 

The  Emigration  Union  of  Crakow,  agents  for  "Austrian  Land- 
owners," offered:       Men,  M.  1.77  (42.1  cents)  and 

Women,  M.  1.60  (38  cents)  per  day,  that  is  to 
say,  3  pfennigs  (0.714  cents)  more  for  men  and  9  pfennigs  (2.14 
cents)  for  women. 

These  figures  show  that  our  European  competitors  are  trying  to 
dislodge  us  from  the  field.  Then  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  work 
in  a  man's  own  country  is  accompanied  by  many  advantages;  and 
added  to  that  fact  the  workman  as  a  rule  is  subjected  to  a  greater 
supervision  and  discipline  in  Prussian  Germany  than  is  the  case 
in  Moravia  and  Bohemia,  where  surroundings  are  more  congenial, 
and  you  will  not  be  surprised  to  see  that  the  laborer  is  inclined  to 
prefer  working  there  than  in  Germany. 

If  you  read  the  newspapers,  you  will  find  therein  articles  written 
by  Poles,  advising  laborers  not  to  go  to  "Prussian  Germany." 
Thus  the  Poles  try  to  make  use  of  any  means  they  can  to  harm 
German  agriculture  by  boycotting  German  employers  of  labor. 
One  of  the  means  also  consists  in  publishing  letters  alleged  to 
have  been  written  to  their  relatives  by  workmen  employed  in 
Germany,  in  which  complaints  are  made  of  the  terrible  treatment 
and  sufferings  entailed.  Although  the  very  exaggerated  accounts 
bear  the  impress  of  untruth,  yet  we  have  taken  the  trouble  with 
the  aid  of  the  authorities,  in  the  locality  named,  to  investigate 
these  allegations,  and  we  invariably  have  found  that  on  confession 
of  the  writers  of  such  letters,  the  accounts  were  untrue.  Also  that 
some  incidents  in  the  laborer's  daily  routine  work  were  grossly 
misrepresented  and  exaggerated. 

The  "Polish  Emigration  Union  "  is  especially  active  in  this  work 
and  boasts  in  pages  of  its  weekly  paper  that  it  will  not  cease  to 
agitate  until  all  laborers  will  decide  to  go  to  other  countries  rather 
than  to  Germany.  One  object  of  this  agitation  is  to  secure  for 
other  countries  their  share  of  the  labor  available  and  to  which  the 
Poles  are  more  favorably  inclined. 

We  are  living  in  a  period  of  a  highly  advanced  economic  develop- 
ment, and  with  the  increased  cost  of  living  the  world  over,  the 
price  of  goods  materially  increased,  wages  must  of  necessity  rise 
accordingly.  Therefore,  Germany  ought  to  make  efforts  towards 
bettering  and  strengthening  her  position  in  the  field  of  competi- 
tion, for  to  stand  still  would  mean  stagnation  in  agriculture,  which 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR.  27 

not  only  must  compete  with  a  foreign  element,  but  must  right 
here,  in  Germany,  compete  for  her  labor  supply  with  industrial 
establishments.  We  must  also  bear  in  mind  that  Easter  of  1913 
will  be  earlier  than  usual;  those  who  make  up  their  minds  to 
celebrate  it  at  home  will  not  leave  their  country  to  go  abroad  until 
after  Kaster ;  this  fact  is  well  known  to  all  of  us.  Therefore,  if 
we  wish  to  supply  our  demand  for  1913,  we  must  make  strenuous 
efforts  to  secure  an  early  and  abundant  flow  of  immigration. 

What  must  we  do  ? 

To  Russian  laborers  who  demand  contracts  with  more  cash  pay- 
ments and  scarcely  any  allowance  for  firewood,  etc.,  we  ought  to 
grant  an  increase  in  wages  of  say  3  Pfgs.  per  day  (0.714  cents)  for 
men  and  2  Pfgs.  (0.476  cents)  for  women.  To  Galician  workmen 
who  make  contracts  on  the  basis  of  less  cash  and  more  subsistence 
in  lieu  of  cash,  we  ought  to  grant  4  Pfgs.  per  day  for  men  and  4 
Pfgs.  (0.952  cents)  for  women,  the  increase  in  wages  granted  by 
our  competitors. 

I  believe  we  ought  to  grant  this  increase  in  wages,  as  we  can 
not  get  around  it,  and  it  would  not  be  too  heavy  a  burden  for  our 
agriculturists  to  bear.  I  have  received  a  list  of  44  employers  of 
labor — of  contracts  made  on  the  Russian  frontier — where  alone, 
contracts  for  large  numbers  can  be  made,  either  by  employers  or 
their  Agents.  This  list  comprises  44  farms  located  in  different 
parts  of  Prussia  and  Germany. 

Below  I  give  you  a  comparative  statement : 

**  We  offered  for  men  per  day  M.  1.96  (46.6  cents)  inclusive  al- 
lowance converted  into  a  cash  equivalent  M.  1.45  (=34.5  cents)  for 
women.  These  44  employers  give  men  M.  2.17  (=51.6  cents), 
women  M.  1.59  (=37.8  cents)  a  plus  of  21  Pfg.  (4.99  cents)  for 
men,  and  a  plus  of  14  Pfg.  (3.33  cents)  for  women." 

I  recommend,  therefore,  in  view  of  market  conditions  described, 
that  the  resolution  I  herewith  introduce  be  faithfully  passed,  which 
will  enable  us  to  offer  foreign  workmen  a  higher  rate  of  wages 
than  those  we  have  heretofore  agreed  to  pay,  and  I  request  you, 
gentlemen,  to  vote  favorably  on  this,  my  resolution. 


EUROPEAN  WAR  AND  THE  PRICE  OF  SUGAR. 

Owing  to  the  drouth  which  visited  western  Europe  in 
1911,  the  wholesale  price  of  sugar  in  New  York  rose  to 
1%  cents  per  pound,  the  highest  figure  it  had  reached  in 
many  years. 

Due  to  a  bountiful  world  crop  and  especially  to  the  fact 
that  the  domestic  crop  of  beet  sugar  is  the  largest  ever 
produced,  sugar  to-day  is  4  cents  per  pound  wholesale, 
in  New  York,  the  lowest  price  recorded  in  years. 


28  COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 

That  the  enactment  of  the  pending  tariff  bill  would 
destroy  the  domestic  beet  and  cane  sugar  industry  is  con- 
ceded by  all  who  have  any  knowledge  of  these  industries, 
after  which  the  United  States  would  be  dependent  upon 
foreign  countries  for  its  sugar  supply. 

To  what  figure  the  price  of  sugar  then  would  go  in  case 
of  an  European  war,  only  can  be  imagined,  but,  consid- 
ering the  facts  set  forth  in  the  following  article,  it  is  not 
unreasonable  to  suppose  that  it  would  rise  to  from  10  to 
20  cents  per  pound. 

(Translation  from  the  German.) 

(:Sxcerpt  from  Die  Deutsche  Zuckerindustrie,  February  21,  1913, 
page  173.  Annual  meeting  of  East  German  Union  of  Sugar 
Factories.     By  Dr.  CI.  Mayer,  Berlin.) 

BKET  CUIvTURE  IN  GERMANY  AND  THE  GERMAN  SUGAR 
INDUSTRY,  THREATENED  WITH  STAGNATION  IN 
VIEW  OF  THE  SUPPIvY  OF  lyABOR  NOT  BEING  EQUAI, 
TO  THE  DEMAND  IN  FIEIyD  AND  FACTORY. 

The  Importance  of  Foreign  Laborers  in  Relation   to   Rural 
Economics  in  Germany. 

You  are  all  aware  of  the  fact  that  the  German  Sugar  Industry 
and  the  beet  growing  agriculturists  depend  very  largely  on  foreign 
labor  to  carry  on  their  work.  Dark  clouds  have  appeared  on  the 
political  horizon  and  our  peaceful  security  may  be  threatened  at 
any  time.  To  use  the  words  of  the  Imperial  Chancellor,  "A  con- 
flagration over  the  whole  of  Europe — a  war  involving  many 
nations — is  still  within  the  range  of  possibility." 

These  war  clouds  have  materially  influenced  the  labor  market 
and  may  well  give  us  food  for  thought  with  regard  to  the  future 
of  the  Beet  Sugar  Industry. 

If,  at  a  given  moment,  war  should  break  out,  involving  Central 
and  Eastern  Europe,  we  must  take  it  for  granted  that  all  wage 
earners  now  flocking  to  our  fields  from  Austria  and  Russia  will  be 
forcibly  kept  at  home,  thereby  inflicting  a  tremendous  injury  to 
our  Sugar  Beet  Industry.  The  question  is  what  can  we  do  about 
it? 

Some  time  ago  this  question  was  discussed  in  Berlin  and  many 
came  to  the  conclusion  that  in  case  of  war,  during  the  time  it 
lasted,  our  Sugar  Industry  would  stagnate  or  remain  entirely  idle. 

If  such  a  contingency  should  arise,  if  it  is  thought  that  such  a 
thing  might  happen,  then  it  is  our  duty  to  calmly  picture  to  our- 
selves the  calamitous  consequences  of  such  an  occurrence  and  to 
think  out  what  sort  of  a  remedy  to  apply. 

The  vast  number  of  men  and  women  that  cross  and  recross  an- 
nually our  frontiers,  is  greater  than  the  migration  of  people  we 
read  about  in  history,  people  who  came,  saw,  conquered  and  set- 
tled down,  but  here  we  have  hundreds  of  thousands  who  come 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR.  29 

here  to  work,  don't  settle  down,  carry  off  over  100,000,000  marks 
annually,  and  may  be,  never  to  return. 

I  have  brought  with  me  colored  charts,  from  which  you  will  gain 
an  idea  as  to  the  number  of  foreign  workmen  engaged  in  agri- 
culture and  the  industries  as  reported  by  district  oflBcials  and 
Councillors  of  State  (of  course  these  statistics  refer  to  1905,  1906, 
1907  and  1908).  These  figures  are  also  applicable  to  the  present 
time. 

Foreign  Workmen  in  Prussia  {by  Occupations  in  Industries), 

Industries.  No.  Agriculture.  Total  Number. 

1905  229,000  207,000  454,000 

1906  369,000  236,000  605,000 

1907  475,000  258,300  733,000 

1908  471,000  309,000  780,000 

Foreign  Laborers  in  Prussia.  By  Countries  of  Origin. 

Per  cent. 

341,600  43.8  from  Austria  Hungary. 

184,000  23.5     "  Russia. 

105,300  13.5     •'  Italy. 

103,800  13.3     *•  Netherlands. 

7,600  1.0     "  Belgium. 

37,700  4.9     '*  Other  countries. 


1908 


Total  No.  Foreigners,        780,000 

But  we  may  safely  estimate,  however,  that  800,000  to  850,000 
people,  male  and  female,  cross  our  frontiers  to  find  work  here  and 
two-thirds  come  from  the  Kast,  that  is  to  say,  from  Austrian  pro- 
vinces and  Russia,  and  one-third  from  other  States.  There  are 
Poles,  Italians,  Ruthenians,  Dutch  and  Belgians,  Germans  from 
Austria-Hungary,  Danes,  Swedes,  Norwegians  and  others. 

More  workmen  are  claimed  by  industrial  establishments  than 
are  in  demand  for  agriculture.  There  are  certainly  310,000  if  not 
330,000  foreigners  at  work  in  agriculture  and  450,000  to  480,000  in 
the  industries. 

I  wish  to  point  out  the  prejudice  caused  by  these  foreigners  to 
our  national  economic  life:  100,000,000  marks  are  carried  out  of 
Germany  by  these  foreigners  in  the  shape  of  wages — which  is 
certainly  a  considerable  item  to  the  debit  of  our  financial  balance. 

We  must  admit  that  through  the  influx  of  these  foreigners, 
wages  for  our  own  working  people  are  kept  down — as  the  families  of 
these  foreigners  live  mostly  in  their  own  country,  where  the  cost 
of  living  is  not  so  high  as  it  is  in  Germany,  therefore  the  foreign 
workmen  are  not  compelled  to  earn  as  much  to  provide  for  their 
families.  The  German  working  man  is  bound  to  get  enough  so  as 
to  satisfy  the  needs  of  his  family.  Besides,  we  have  become  en- 
tirely dependent  on  foreign  countries  for  the  supply  of  labor  on 
our  farms  and  in  industrial  centers.  Should  Russia  or  Austria 
require  the  help  of  these  people  at  any  time  and  prevent  them 
from  crossing  the  frontier  or  recall  them  from  Germany — even 
without  the  chances  of  a  war  breaking  out  (some  reason  might 
be  given  at  any  time  by  their  respective  governments  for  recalling 


30  COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 

them),  this  would  be  the  greatest  calamity  that  could  befall  our 
Central  and  East  German  agricultural  districts.  It  would  mean 
the  ruin  of  numerous  agricultural  establishments,  a  tremendous 
shrinkage  in  many  industrial  undertakings  and  the  loss  of  many 
millions  of  marks,  would,  in  that  case,  follow  as  a  matter  of  course. 

It  has  been  found  that  in  many  districts  where  foreign  workmen 
were  employed,  breaches  of  contract  between  wage  earners  and 
employers  were  of  frequent  occurrence,  which  exercised  an  un- 
favorable influence  on  our  native  workmen  as  far  as  discipline  and 
order  were  concerned. 

Foreigners  ought  to  have  their  papers  in  good  order  and  should 
have  documentary  proofs  as  to  their  identity,  their  antecedents, 
etc.  A  case  came  to  my  knowledge  where  a  Pole  had  a  document, 
provided  with  beautiful  stamps  and  seals  which  passed  everywhere 
as  his  passport,  until,  one  day,  an  official  who  could  read  Polish 
found  that  the  passport  was  nothing  more  than  a  certificate  given 
by  the  municipal  authorities  of  his  native  village,  giving  the 
holder  thereof  notice  that  he  was  again  permitted  to  milk  his  cow, 
which  two  years  previous  had  been  adjudged  tubercular.  This 
shows  the  necessity  of  our  taking  vigorous  measures  to  see  that 
incoming  foreigners  are  bearers  of  proper  passports. 

For  agricultural  and  industrial  needs,  we  now  have  a  perfect 
Official  Central  Hiring  Administration  in  Berlin,  which  works  both 
in  the  interests  of  employer  and  workman. 

Most  of  the  foreign  agricultural  Austrian  and  Russian  laborers 
are  employed  by  large  landowners  east  of  the  river  Elbe  and  in 
West  Germany,  mostly  on  estates  where  beet  culture  and  intensive 
farming  is  carried  on.  Wage  earners  that  are  mainly  to  be  con- 
sidered in  beet  culture  are  Poles  (Russian  and  Austrian)  and 
Ruthenians,  half  of  which  are  women. 

As  beet  growing  developed,  we  were  obliged  to  employ  more 
labor  in  the  fields  ;  we  soon  found  that  our  native  population  did 
not  supply  the  necessary  and  increasing  demand.  The  so-called 
**  Sachs engangers  "  (wandering  natives  of  Saxony)  that  annually 
crowded  into  the  beet  districts,  for  a  time  supplied  the  necessary 
labor  material,  but  beet  culture  increased  rapidly  and  foreign 
countries  had  to  supply  the  demand  for  labor.  Of  course,  we 
must  attribute  this  partly  to  the  fact  that  between  1850  to  1900, 
about  5,000,000  emigrants  left  for  America,  never  to  return.  Then 
in  1890  and  since,  came  the  steady  flight  of  people  from  the  rural 
districts  to  the  city,  causing  an  annual  loss  of  200,000  people  to 
our  agricultural  districts  in  favor  of  industrial  centers,  the  growth 
of  which  assumes,  year  after  year,  extraordinary  proportions. 

Agriculturists  and  landowners  have  been  blamed  for  calling  in 
foreigners  in  order  to  keep  the  wages  of  our  native  workers  down 
to  as  low  a  level  as  possible.  However,  we  know  that  this  is  not 
the  case,  as  we  were  simply  compelled  to  get  labor  from  abroad, 
our  native  supply  not  corresponding  with  the  demand.  Large 
estates  engaged  in  beet  culture  have  been  entirely  dependent  on 
the  influx  of  foreigners  for  their  supply  of  labor. 

The  foreign  element  who  has  come  to  us  for  work,  has  been 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR.  31 

largely  unskilled  labor,  the  essential  being  muscle  and  endurance. 
Many  managers  of  industrial  plants  look  upon  the  foreigner  as  an 
undesirable  element,  yet  they  are  forced,  for  want  of  native  help, 
to  employ  them.  During  the  busy  season  there  is  an  abundance 
of  foreign  labor  from  which  recruits  can  be  obtained,  and  when 
the  season  slacks  down,  this  particular  class  is  gotten  rid  of  before 
any  of  the  native  workmen  are  discharged. 

Of  the  foreigners  employed,  the  Poles  are  subject  to  Govern- 
ment regulation;  they  are  compelled  to  leave  Germany  on  the 
20th  of  December  each  year,  and  are  also  obliged  to  stay  in  their 
own  country  until  February  1st. 

As  a  rule,  foreign  workmen  constitute  a  sort  of  contingency 
buffer,  a  safety  valve  for  our  native  working  population ;  for  Ger- 
mans are  getting  employment  when  work  is  slack,  whilst  foreigners 
are  discharged  ere  the  Germans  get  notice  to  quit. 

It  certainly  is  to  be  deplored  that  foreign  workmen  should  play 
such  an  important  part  in  our  national  economics  and  that  we  have 
to  be  dependent  on  the  good  will  of  foreign  countries  for  our  labor 
supply.  It  is  with  deep  regret  that  conditions  are  such,  especially 
so  with  regard  to  our  agriculture,  for  other  industries  may  incur 
some  temporary  losses  by  reason  of  an  insufficient  number  of 
workers,  but  in  the  case  of  agriculture,  such  losses  would  be  per- 
manent, if,  for  instance,  no  workmen  were  available  for  harvest- 
ing our  crops  at  the  proper  time. 


RUSSIA  THE  GREAT  SUGAR  PRODUCING 
NATION  OF  THE  FUTURE. 

For  many  years  the  sugar  world  has  watched  and  feared 
the  growth  of  the  sugar  industry  in  Cuba,  in  Java  and 
in  Germany.  The  Cuban  sugar  industry  is  dreaded 
because  of  the  ideal  cane  sugar  conditions  which  exist  in 
that  island,  the  sugar  areas  of  which  are  sufficient  to 
supply  the  world  with  sugar,  the  only  limitation  being 
the  supply  of  labor.  The  Javan  sugar  industry  is  dreaded 
not  only  because  of  the  favorable  natural  conditions 
which  the  island  offers,  but  because  of  the  fact  that  it 
has  a  population  of  30,000,000  and  they  toil  in  the  cane 
fields  for  a  wage  of  8  cents  per  day.  The  German  sugar 
industry  is  feared  because  of  the  marvelously  superior 
cultural  methods  which  are  applied  to  the  tilling  of  the 
soil  and  because  of  the  fostering  care  which  the  German 
government  extends  to  the  industry. 

But  of  late  Germany  and  other  European  sugar  men 
have  awakened  to  a  new  Richmond  who  has  appeared  in 


52 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 


the  sugar  world  and  threatens  to  distance  all  other 
countries  in  the  production  of  sugar.  I  refer  to  Russia, 
which,  both  in  percentage  and  in  tons,  has  increased  her 
sugar  production  far  more  rapidly  than  has  any  other 
great  sugar  producing  country  in  the  world,  as  will  be 
seen  from  the  following : 


Sugar  ProdiLction  of  Russia,  Germany,   Cuba  and  Java,  1892-93 

and  1910-11. 

(In  short  tons  of  2,000  lbs. ) 


Russia  . 
Germany 
Cuba  .  . 
Java     .    . 


Production 

1892-93. 


445,456 
1,356,749 
1,118,743 

470.593 


Production 

1910-11. 


2,324,530 
2,854,847 
1,661,465 
1,376,592 


Net 
Increase. 


1,879,074 

1,498,098 

542,722 

905,999 


Percentage 
of  Increase. 


421.8 

110.4 

48.5 

192.5 


A  few  years  ago,  Russia  stood  fourth  in  the  produc- 
tion of  beet  sugar.  She  now  stands  first  in  the  area 
devoted  to  sugar  beets  and  second  only  to  Germany  in 
her  output  of  sugar.  To  cultivate  her  fields,  the  German 
Empire  depends  largely  upon  the  800,000  seasonal 
workers  which  annually  are  imported,  while  Russian 
Europe  has  a  population  of  131,000,000  people  and 
not  only  are  they  industrious,  but  they  toil  for  a  lower 
wage  than  do  any  other  people  in  Europe.  Train 
loads  of  Russian  women  and  girls  annually  migrate 
to  Germany,  Sweden  and  Denmark,  to  work  in  the 
fields  from  five  and  six  o'clock  in  the  morning  to 
ten  and  eleven  o'clock  at  night  for  a  wage  of  41/^ 
cents  (U.  S.)  per  day,  out  of  which  they  feed  them- 
selves. They  go  because  such  wages  are  nearly  double 
what  they  are  at  home  and  because  they  are  unable  to 
secure  employment  at  home  even  at  the  lower  wage.  But 
at  home  there  are  as  good  or  better  soils  than  in  the  coun- 
tries to  which  they  migrate  and  with  the  new  light  which 
has  come  to  Russia,  she  means  that  the  profits  derived 
from  this  labor  shall  go  into  Russian,  instead  of  foreign, 
pockets.  It  requires  a  passport  to  leave,  as  well  as  to 
enter,  Russia,  and  Russia  will  experience  no  more  diffi- 
culty in  regulating  emigration  than  in  regulating  immi- 
gration, once  the  means  of  livelihood  has  been  provided. 
The  present  average  field  wage  in  Polish  Russia  and  in 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR.  33 

Galicia  is  but  10  cents  per  day  for  children,  17^  cents 
for  women  and  24.9  cents  for  men.  It  is  with  indus- 
trious laborers  working  at  such  a  wage  and  properly- 
directed  that  the  sugar  world  has  to  compete. 

The  soil  in  both  the  Polish  and  the  Kiev  districts  is 
fertile  and  strong  and  the  climate  is  superior  to  that 
of  the  most  of  Europe  for  agriculture.  Although  the 
natural  agricultural  conditions  of  Russia  are  superior  to 
those  to  be  found  elsewhere  in  Europe,  her  crop  yields 
are  the  lowest.  In  fact  Russia  has  the  distinction  of 
being  the  only  great  agricultural  country  whose  yields 
per  acre  are  less  than  they  are  in  the  United  States,  and 
while  the  low  yield  in  Russia  is  due  somewhat  to  the 
poverty  of  her  people,  the  principal  cause  is  the  same  as 
in  the  United  States,  absence  of  alternation  of  root  crops 
with  cereals. 

Until  a  few  years  ago,  the  fact  that  the  culture  of 
sugar  beets  in  rotation  with  other  crops  greatly  increased 
the  yield  of  the  latter,  was  not  appreciated  in  Russia, 
but  now  that  it  is,  every  effort  is  being  made  to  increase 
their  beet  plantings.  When  I  was  in  Warsaw  a  year 
ago,  three  large  beet-sugar  machinery  concerns  were 
running  on  full  time,  as  were  two  others  at  Kiev.  One 
of  the  projectors  of  a  new  beet-sugar  factory  to  be  erected 
between  Warsaw  and  Krakau  informed  me  that  so  anxious 
were  the  farmers  to  grow  beets  that  before  the  contract 
was  let  for  the  machinery  or  a  brick  laid  for  the  build- 
ings, they  had  all  the  beet  acreage  signed  up  that  they 
could  handle,  at  a  fraction  under  the  equivalent  of  $3.20 
per  2,000-pound  ton,  which,  on  the  average  extraction 
obtained  in  Russia  (316.98  lbs.  of  raw  sugar  per  ton  of 
beets),  will  give  them  raw  sugar  in  the  beet  at  a  cost  of 
$1.01  per  100  pounds. 

The  Minister  of  Agriculture  of  Russia  maintains  an 
Institute  for  agricultural  research  work  which  is  subsi- 
dized by  the  Russian  Association  of  Sugar  Manufacturers, 
and  due  to  its  efforts,  has  scattered  throughout  Russia  a 
number  of  experiment  stations  in  beet-sugar  districts. 
This  Institute  is  presided  over  by  Dr.  Frankfourth,  one  of 
their  greatest  agriculturists.  Thanks  to  this  Institute, 
in  studying  all  the  questions  relating  to  rotation,  fertiliz- 
ing, seed,  tillage,  etc.,  vast  progress  has  been  made  in 
Russian  beet  culture. 


34  COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 

In  common  with  the  United  States,  Russia's  low  cereal 
crop  yields  present  to  her  statesmen  the  strongest  incen- 
tive to  foster  the  culture  of  sugar  beets  regardless  of  cost 
to  her  treasury,  and  her  vast  and  underpaid  population, 
coupled  with  soil  and  climatic  advantages  which  are 
inferior  to  none,  present  conditions  which  can  not  be 
ignored  when  considering  the  future  prospects  of  the 
sugar  industry  elsewhere  in  the  world. 

After  making  an  extended  tour  of  investigation  through 
the  sugar-beet  districts  of  Russia,  Mons.  Emile  Saillard, 
Chief  of  the  sugar  laboratories  of  the  French  Syndicate 
of  Sugar  Manufacturers,  said  in  his  report : 

Russia's  future  sugar  industry  is  assured.  She  can  increase  her  pro- 
duction not  only  by  introducing  improved  methods  of  culture  but  also 
by  increasing  her  sugar-beet  area.  In  the  natural  course  of  events, 
without  carrying  on  a  very  extensive  culture  she  is  liable  to  become  the 
greatest  sugar  producer  of  not  only  Europe  but  of  the  whole  world. 

To  summarize  Russian  conditions,  they  have : 

The  richest  of  soils. 

A  limitless  area. 

A  population  of  131,000,000  people. 

The  lowest  wage  rate  in  Europe. 

A  prohibitive  import  duty  of  $8.56  per  100  pounds. 

A  Government  bounty  on  sugar  exports. 

The  domestic  price  of  sugar  fixed  by  law,  which  on  a 
certain  date  as  mentioned  by  Koenig,  enabled  them  to 
make  an  export  price  of  $2.45  per  hundred  for  export 
sugar,  while  maintaining  a  price  of  $7.18  per  hundred 
on  sugar  for  the  domestic  consumption  of  131,000,000 
people. 

Low  yields  of  cereal  crops. 

Discovery  of  the  fact  that  the  yield  of  cereal  crops  can 
be  doubled  and  quadrupled  by  rotating  them  with  sugar 
beets. 

A  law  whereby  Government  aid  is  assured  and  facilities 
granted  for  the  extension  of  beet  culture  and  the  building 
of  new  factories. 

It  is  not  overstating  the  truth  to  say  that  Russia  can 
raise  as  rich  beets  as  can  Germany  and  as  many  tons  per 
acre.  She  has  billions  of  dollars  a  year  to  gain  in  the 
increased  yield  of  other  crops  by  extending  her  beet 
acreage,  her  thinking   and  scientific  men   are  alive  to 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR.  35 

these  possibilities  and  her  government  officials  are  ex- 
tending every  possible  aid  to  her  sugar  manufacturers. 

None  are  more  far-seeing  than  are  the  Germans,  and 
they  fear  Russian  competition  far  more  than  we  fear  that 
of  Germany. 

Should  the  United  States  duty  on  sugar  be  greatly 
reduced  or  altogether  removed,  thus  destroying  the  home 
sugar  industry,  it  is  Russia  and  not  Germany  which 
would  run  Cuba  the  closest  race  for  the  extra  market 
thus  opened  up. 

Early  last  year  Privy  Counselor  Gustav  Koenig,  Presi- 
dent of  the  German  Beet-Sugar  Association,  sounded  a 
note  of  warning  to  German  sugar  nianufacturers,  when 
addressing  the  Association.  The  following  is  a  transla- 
tion of  Koenig's  remarks  : 

RUSSIAN  SUGAR. 
Excerpt  from  Die  Deutsche  Zuckerindustriey  January  26,  and  March  1, 1912. 

At  a  general  meeting  of  the  German  Beet-Sugar  Industry  held  in 
Berlin,  Imperial  Councillor  Koenig,  who  is  also  the  President  of  the 
organization,  made  the  following  remarks: 

We  ought  to  do  everything  in  our  power  to  limit  Russia  in  her  efforts  to 
increase  her  export  trade  before  1918.  Russia  is  planning  to  rid  herself 
of  the  vast  stocks  of  sugar  she  has  on  hand,  not  merely  for  the  purpose 
of  enhancing  her  position,  but  primarily  to  fill  her  coffers  with  millions 
of  roubles.  She  is  very  anxious  to  strengthen  her  position  and  increase 
her  production  from  year  to  year,  which  means,  of  course,  a  large  in- 
crease in  her  exports  to  non-convention  countries. 

Should  we,  the  German  beet-growers  and  German  sugar  trade,  permit 
this  ?  If  so,  Russia  would  be  able  to  capture  the  markets  of  the  world, 
and  ere  we  are  aware,  crush  our  export  trade.  We  must  therefore  take 
heed  and  do  nothing  which  might  in  any  way  help  to  advance  Russia's 
position;  especially  is  this  true  with  regard  to  preventing  her  from  increas- 
ing her  production,  for,  according  to  the  agreement  she  has  with  the 
Brussels  Convention  she  can  only  expand  in  exports  outside  of  conven- 
tion countries  in  competition  with  us.  Sugar,  as  you  all  know,  is  a 
world  commodity,  and  Russia  will  make  every  effort  to  compete  with  us 
in  all  directions  of  the  compass.  We  must  not  second  Russia  in  her 
desire  to  further  her  exports  and  rid  herself  of  her  surplus  production, 
as  the  German  Sugar  Industry  and  beet-growers  are  already  feeling  the 
effects  which  have  been  produced  by  her  anxiety  to  get  all  the  export 
trade  she  can  gobble. 

Let  us  look  into  the  future  and  see  what  harm  will  come  to  us  on  the 
part  of  Russian  competition.  When  I  say  us,  I  mean  the  German  Sugar 
Industry,  the  beet-growers,  and  commerce  generally.  Gentlemen,  the 
three  factors  are  of  one  mind,  not  to  help  in  strengthening  the  capacity 
of  Russia's  output. 


36  COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 

Gentlemen,  I  have  faith  in  the  German  government j  faith  in  the 
German  law-givers,  that  they  will  do  their  duty  and  give  us,  regardless 
of  Convention  agreements,  a  duty  which  will  give  the  German  beet- 
growers  and  sugar  factories  such  protection  as  to  effectually  keep  any 
and  all  foreign  sugar  out  of  the  country. 

If  we  can  carry  on  the  fight  of  competition  in  non-convention  coun- 
tries and  our  hands  be  not  tied  by  the  Brussels  Convention  as  far  as 
markets  of  the  world  are  concerned,  we  do  not  fear  the  oncoming  struggle 
with  Russia  in  her  desire  to  gain  supremacy.  But  to  sharpen  her  sword 
so  that  she  would  be  able  to  dislodge  us  from  the  sugar  markets  of  the 
world,  that  would  be  asking  too  much. 

What  the  German  beet-sugar  people  want  is  not  to  have  their  hands 
tied  too  much  by  the  Brussels  Convention,  but  to  be  able  to  carry  on  a 
war  of  competition  with  Russia,  whose  sugar  exports  in  the  near  future 
to  non-convention  countries  we  have  to  fear. 

After  Russia  will  have  exported  all  that  the  Convention  allows  her; 
after  having  sold  to  England  all  that  country  will  take,  and  having  grad- 
ually increased  her  production,  she  will  be  confronted  with  the  fact  that 
she  has  large  stocks  on  hand  and  does  not  know  how  to  rid  herself  of 
them.  Russia's  sugar  stocks  are  growing  tower-like,  and  there  is  a 
danger  that  Germany  will  have  to  suffer  from  the  stones  that  will  fly  to 
all  points  of  the  compass. 

Russia's  acreage  since  1904-5  has  increased  from  478,000  hectares 
(1,181,138  acres)  to  787,000  hectares  (1,944,677  acres)  in  1912,  and 
her  production  of  raw  sugar  has  increased  from  591,000  (in  1894)  to 
2,080,000  tons.  The  Government  is  doing  everything  possible  to 
further  and  encourage  beet  culture,  and  on  March  4th  of  this  year  the 
Minister  of  Finance  brought  in  a  bill  which  has  since  been  enacted  into 
law,  whereby  government  aid  is  assured  and  facilities  granted  for  the 
extension  of  beet  culture  and  the  building  of  new  factories.  The 
Cologne  Gazette  of  February  26th,  1912,  says: 

**It  is  Germany's  duty  to  put  on  her  armor  and  be  ready  for  energetic 
competition  in  the  world's  sugar  markets." 

If  you  picture  to  yourself  that  from  591,000  tons  in  1894,  Russian 
sugar  production  has  risen  to  2,080,000  tons  in  1911-12,  we  have  no 
guarantee  as  to  the  limit  that  her  production  may  reach.  We  will  have 
a  war  of  competition  on  our  hands  and  we  will  have  to  fight  that  war 
under  unfavorable  conditions. 

Mr.  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  gentlemen: 

I  have  here  a  report,  informing  me  that  large  quantities  of  Russian 
sugar  are  now  stored  at  Vladivostock,  Port  Said,  Le  Havre  and  Ham- 
burg, and  we  must  be  on  the  lookout  that  this  sugar  does  not  reach  the 
European  markets — in  which  the  eleven  (11)  convention  countries  are 
interested.  The  steamers  Vladimir,  Moughieff,  Mars  and  Cerena,  each 
with  a  wagon  load  of  200  tons,  are  now  on  the  way  to  increase  the  stocks 
of  Russian  sugar  at  above  points. 

Our  sugar  factories  and  allied  industries  give  occupation  to  270,000 
workmen  in  addition  to  field  laborers  engaged  in  beet  culture. 

Now  let  me  illustrate  as  to  how  we  are  likely  to  be  inferior  to  Russia 
in  competing  in  the  western  world  (United  States).  Odessa,  not  long 
ago,  quoted  5.08  roubles  per  pud  for  (consumption  inland)  sugar  and 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR.  37 

quoted  export  sugar  at  1.73  roubles;  that  is  to  say,  100  Kg.  sugar  con- 
sumed in  Russia  was  quoted  at  Frs.  82  ($7.18  per  100  lbs. );  100  Kgs. 
for  export  Frs.  28  ($2.4  5  per  100  lbs.).  In  other  words,  considering 
the  high  prices  obtained  in  Russia  from  her  150^000,000  people  for  sugar 
consumed  in  Russia,  the  factories  nvere  able  to  thronv  all  they  did  not  con- 
sume at  the  heads  of  foreign  buyers  at  a  great  loss — that  loss  being  only 
apparent— for  their  a<verage  profit  nvas  considerable.  Count  Kheven- 
hueller  of  Austria,  has  calculated  that  in  reality  the  Russian  law  gives 
Russian  sugar  a  bounty  of  17  francs  60  per  100  Kilograms  ($1.54  per 
100  lbs. ),  and  Count  von  Schwerin  calculated  that  Russia  is  now  able  to 
sell  her  sugar  (100  Kgs. )  about  12  francs  ($1.05  per  100  lbs. )  cheaper 
abroad  than  the  price  her  native  consumers  have  to  pay. 

Mr.  Secretary,  if  you  have  the  interests  of  the  German  Sugar  Industry 
at  heart,  then  co-operate  with  us  in  enabling  us  to  manufacture  sugar 
cheaply,  so  that  we  may  succeed  in  competing  with  Russia  successfully 
in  the  markets  of  the  world. 

You  are  aware  of  the  fact  that  the  United  States  of  America  has 
granted  the  Philippine  Islands  duty  free  markets  for  300,000  tons 
of  sugar;  this  quantity,  however,  has  not  been  reached,  and  it  will 
be  a  long  time  before  it  does  reach  that  figure. 

This  preferential  favor  is  due  to  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
Mr.  Taft,  who,  whilst  Secretary  of  War,  took  an  interest  in  Philippine 
affairs  in  general. 

The  Beet  Sugar  Industry  of  the  United  States  did  not  like  this  and  in 
this  respect  their  interests  are  identical  with  those  of  the  beet  sugar 
industries  of  the  world — and  it  is  not  likely  that  within  the  next  fifteen 
years  the  Pliilippines  will  be  able  to  supply  more  than  180,000  to  200,000 
tons  per  annum.  It  would  be  very  unpleasant  for  us  if  the  Philippines 
would  exceed  this  quantity,  but  still  more  unpleasant  for  the  German 
sugar  people  if  the  North  American  Beet  Sugar  Industry  should  reach  a 
higher  development  than  it  has  noiv. 

You  all  know  that  this  campaign  has  a  surplus  of  about  1,900,000  tons 
and  most  of  that  surplus  is  in  Russia,  or  in  various  ports,  in  bond,  for 
Russian  accoun't,  speculators  and  others,  and  her  exports  are  liable  to 
increase  to  the  East  and  to  the  American  continent  and  Canada,  and  we 
also  know  that  the  English  invisible  stocks  are  tremendously  large. 

The  Russian  government  in  consequence  of  having  a  large  surplus  has 
reduced  the  price  limit  by  5  kopecks  per  110  pounds  ($1.20  per  short 
ton  or  about  6  cents  per  hundred  pounds),  so  as  to  stimulate  home  con- 
sumption. 

We  must  also  note  whether  the  Austrians  will  export  sugar  in  the 
raw,  as  Austria  exports  annually  as  much  sugar  as  she  consumes. 

In  the  name  of  the  Association  I  have  to  thank  the  first  Pi-esident, 
His  Excellency  von  Gunther,  for  having  honored  us  with  his  presence 
at  this  meeting. 


38  COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 


Cf^ 


-k 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR  IN  CUBA. 


Deputy  Consul  General  H.  P.  Starrett  of  Habana  has 
supplied  the  Daily  Consular  and  Trade  Reports  with 
information  concerning  the  present  cost  of  producing 
sugar  in  Cuba.  In  his  report  published  June  10,  1912, 
he  gave  the  average  cost  at  the  factory-  in  Oriente  Pro- 
vince as  1.6  cents  per  pound.  In  his  report  published 
April  8,  1913,  he  gives  1.25  cents  as  the  average  cost  in 
a  modem  mill,  a  cost  of  **  well  over  2  cents  a  pound  "  in 
the  poorest  mills,  and  an  average  cost  throughout  the 
island  of  1.75  cents  at  the  mill  and  1.85  cents  laid  down 
at  the  seaboard. 

The  correspondent  of  the  Deutsche  Zuckerindustrie  un- 
der date  of  January  31,  1913,  states  that  American  fac- 
tories in  Cuba  calculate  the  cost  at  1.5  per  pound,  which 
he  says  is  1  pfennig  iH^)  per  pound  less  than  he  calcu- 
lates it,  but  he  figures  that  some  mills  are  producing  at 
1.5  cents  per  pound. 

Excerpt  from  the  Daily  Cotismlar  and  Trade  Reports,  June  10, 1912. 

THB  CUBAN  SUGAR  INDUSTRY. 

(From  Deputy  Consul  General  H.  P.  Starrett,  Habana.) 

The  treaty  of  redfMtxnty  between  the  United  States  and  the 
Republic  of  Cuba,  which  was  negotiated  in  1902.  allowed  a  prefer- 
ence of  20  per  cent  in  the  duty  on  Cuban  sugar  entering  the  United 
States.  Since  that  date  Cuba  has  entered  upon  a  period  of  devel- 
opment that  has  exceeded  the  predictions  of  the  most  optimistic. 
Vast  new  areas  of  land  have  been  brought  under  cultivation,  new 
mills  hav5  been  erected,  old  mills  have  been  remodeled  and  im- 
proved, and  projects  are  on  foot  for  many  additional  mills  to  be 
built  in  the  near  future.  So  great  has  been  this  recent  develop- 
ment that  it  can  safely  be  said  that  if  the  present  activity  continues 
Cuba  will  be  in  a  fair  way  of  becoming  the  largest  producer  of 
sugar  in  the  world. 

The  relations  between  Cuba  and  the  United  States  have  been  so 
close  during  the  last  few  years  that  it  is  interesting  to  observe  to 
just  what  extent  American  capital  has  invested  in  the  Cuban  sugar 
industry.  A  careful  estimate  of  this  investment  in  mills,  lands, 
railroads,  and  other  equipment  devoted  exclusively  to  the  indus- 
try, but  not  including  mortgages,  g^ves  a  total  of  $54,C 00,000.  In 
this  estimate,  however,  are  included  a  few  companies  which  were 
organized  in  the  United  States  and  hold  charters  granted  by  differ- 
ent States,  but  whose  stock  is  owned  by  persons  other  than  Ameri- 
cans. Their  investment  amounts  to  a  very  small  percentage  of  the 
whole.      The  distribution  of  this  total  investment  through   the 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR.  39 

different  Provinces  of  the  island  is  as  follows:  Pinar  del  Rio, 
|750,000;  Habana,  $3 ,0(K) ,000 ;  Matanwis,  $.5,750,000;  vSanta  Clara, 
$14,500,000;  Camaguey,  J^4, 700,000;  and  in  Oriente,  $25,300,000. 

Extent  of  American  Interests. 

There  are  in  the  island  at  the  present  time  173  active  mills,  of 
which  34  are  wholly  American  owned  and  2  partly  controlled  by 
American  capital.  Another  interesting  fact  is  that  American- 
owned  mills  produce  nearly  35  per  cent  of  the  total  sugar  output 
of  Cuba.     ♦     ♦     ♦ 

Excerpt  from  the  Daily  Consular  and  Trade  Reports^  April  8, 1913. 

COST  OF  PRODUCING  CUBAN  CANK  SUGAR. 
(Deputy  Consul  General  Henry  P.  »Starrett,  Ilabana.) 

In  discussing  the  cost  of  production  of  Cuban  cane  sugar  it  may 
be  stated  at  the  outset  that  no  statement  as  to  such  costs  can  be 
absolutely  correct  as  applied  to  individual  mills,  differences  in  cost 
being  as  wide  among  the  different  mills  as  for  any  staple  article 
where  producing  conditions  differ  with  locality,  cost  of  raw  mate- 
rial, labor  wage,  efficiency  of  machinery,  and  character  of  trans- 
portation facilities. 

Low  Cost  in  Modern  Mills. 

In  the  modern  sugar  mill  in  which  machinery  of  the  highest 
efficiency  has  been  installed,  where  the  location  is  on  or  near  a 
good  harbor  and  docking  facilities  are  available,  where  the  mill 
company  owns  and  operates  its  own  lands  and  railroad,  and  which 
has  as  its  manager  a  man  who  has  real  executive  ability  coupled 
with  long  sugar  experience,  sugar  can  be  and  is  produced  for  1.25 
cents  a  pound,  this  representing  the  total  cost  of  the  product  from 
time  of  planting  the  cane  to  placing  the  finished  product  alongside 
the  ship,  and  the  proportional  charge  for  general  and  administra- 
tive expense. 

High  Cost  in  the  Older  Mills. 

However,  the  other  extreme  is  reached  in  the  old  mills,  which 
are  inefficient  in  themselves  and  are  located  at  interior  points 
where  they  are  compelled  to  pay  high  freight  rates  on  their  sugar 
product  and  oftentimes  an  abnormal  price  for  their  cane.  Many 
of  the  older  mills  do  not  own  or  operate  the  fields  from  which 
their  cane  is  produced,  whereas  other  mills  own  the  land  and 
allow  *'  Colonos  "  or  cane  farmers  to  operate  the  fields.  In  the 
first  instance  some  of  these  mills  pay  as  high  as  7  arrobas  (ar- 
roba=25.3664  pounds)  of  sugar  for  each  100  arrobas  of  cane  deliv- 
ered to  the  mill  or  its  railroad,  while  in  the  latter  case,  where  the 
mill  owns  the  land,  the  "colono"  receives  only  from  4  to  5 
arrobas  of  sugar  for  each  100  arrobas  of  cane.  Under  the  condi- 
tions which  obtain  with  the  mills  of  the  first  instance  the  maximum 
of  disadvantage  is  operating  against  the  possible  profits  of  the 
mill,  and  there  is  no  doubt  about  the  fact  that  many  of  the  mills 
of  this  type  in  Cuba  produce  sugar  at  a  total  co.st  which  is  well 


40  COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 

over  2  cents  a  pound  and  close  to  the  zone  of  "no  profits. "  The 
production  of  such  mills,  however,  probably  represents  a  small 
percentag^e  of  the  total  production  of  the  island.     ♦     ♦     ♦ 

Total  Average  Cost  of  Sugar  at  the  Mill. 

The  two  general  items,  cost  of  cane  and  cost  of  manufacture, 
are  therefore : 
Producing  and  cultivating  90,000  tons  of  cane,  at  90  cents 

per  ton $81,000 

Cutting  and  loading  same  on  carts,  at  70  cents  per  ton  .  63,000 
Hauling  from  fields  and  loading  on  railroad  cars,  at  40 

cents  per  ton .        .  ....      36,000 

Railroad  cost  for  hauling  to  mill,  at  30  cents  per  ton  .  .  27,000 
Mill  cost  of  manufacture,  at  75  cents  per  ton 67,000 


Total $274,500 

To  this  amount  must  be  added  the  '  *  general  expenses  ' '  amount- 
ing to  1104,250,  making  a  total  of  $378,750,  which  figure  represents 
the  cost  of  producing  9,651  tons  of  raw  sugar.  Each  ton  being  of 
2,240  pounds,  the  production  in  pounds  is  therefore  21,618,240, 
and  the  cost  per  pound  is  1.75  cents. 

Total  Average  Cost  at  Seaboard. 

This  of  course  represents  the  cost  at  the  mill  and  does  not  take 
into  account  the  cost  of  transporting  the  product  from  the  mill  to 
the  shipping  port,  for  this  varies  so  widely  that  no  fair  estimate 
could  be  given,  some  mills  being  so  situated  that  they  are  com- 
pelled to  pay  as  high  as  60  cents  a  bag  [325  pounds]  for  railroad 
freight  from  the  mill  to  the  seaboard,  while  for  others  which  are 
located  on  the  coast  and  own  their  own  docking  facilities  and 
railroad,  the  shipping  cost  is  low,  being  not  more  than  5  cents  a 
bag.  As  a  rough  estimate  it  can  be  stated,  however,  that  the 
average  transportation  cost  from  mill  to  seaport  probably  does  not 
exceed  32  cents  per  bag,  or  an  equivalent  per  pound  of  0.1  cent. 
This  would  make  the  total  average  cost  of  sugar  at  seaboard  1.85 
cents  per  pound. 

In  conclusion  it  should  be  reiterated  that  these  figures  are  only 

average  results,  and  that  this  average  will  be  higher  or  lower 

according  to  the  season  and  conditions — that  is,  whether  a  large 

or  a  small  crop  of  cane  is  harvested  ;  high  or  low  percentage  of 

sugar  content  in  the  cane;  and  the  rise  or  fall  in  the  wage  scale. 
*     *     If 

Excerpt  from  Die  Deutsche  Zuckerindustrie ,  January  31,  1913. 

WHAT   IS   THE   COST  OF  PRODUCTION  OF  1  POUND  OF 
CANE  SUGAR  IN  CUBA. 

Ten  factories  (situated  in  different  districts)  show  the  cost  of 
production  to  be  at  Ports  (net  price  in  Port  not  f.  o.  b.)  of  Cuba 
including  cane,  wages,  bags,  taxes  and  all  operating  expenses 
without  any  profit  zuhatsoever  2.04  centavos  Spanish  Gold  per 
pound  or  500  grams  %  kilo=7.96  pfennigs  (equal  to  1.55  cents) 
per  pound  avoirdupois.         ♦     ♦     * 

American  factories  in  Cuba  calculate,  with  a  10%  Rendement 
(96°  Pol.)  sugar  as  being  produced  at  1.5  cents  per  American 
pound =6. 95  pfennig  a  metric  pound — but  this  is  1  pfennig  per 
pound  less  than  my  calculations  run  to,  but  we  must  bear  in  mind 
that  American  factories  equipped  with  modern  machinery  and 
with  a  large  capital  at  their  disposal,  buy  their  coal,  bags,  etc. 
wholesale,  pay  no  interest  on  loans  and  with  other  economic  ad- 
vantages over  Spanish  and  Cuban  factories,  may,  under  favorable 
conditions,  reduce  their  cost  of  production  by  one  pfennig  per 
pound  (^  cent  per  pound).     *     *     * 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR.  41 


STATISTICAL  TABLES. 

PRODUCTION  OF   BEET   SUGAR    IN   THE    UNITED 

STATES  AND  IN  THE  PRINCIPAL  SUGAR 

PRODUCING  COUNTRIES  OF    EUROPE. 

1886  to  1912. 
COMPUTED  BY  TRUMAN  G.  PAI^MER. 

Basic  Figures  for  United  States  :  International 
Sugar  Situation,  Bui^letin  No.  30,  Dept.  Agri- 
culture, 1904,  p.  94 ;  BULLETIN  No.  260,  Dept. 
Agriculture,  1912,  p.  70,  and  Figures  Furnished 
BY  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Dept.  Agriculture, 
March  17,  1913.  For  Denmark,  Spain  and  Italy, 
FROM  Figures  of  Fred  Sachs,  Brussels,  Bel- 
gium. For  Germany,  Russia,  Austria-Hungary, 
France,    Belgium,    Netherlands    and    Sweden, 

FROM   RATHKE'S  JAHRBUCH. 

Note. — The  ofl&cial  figures  of  the  German  Statistical  Office  do 
not  include  sugar  extracted  in  molasses  plants,  hence  differ 
slightly  from  Rathke's  figures  which  correspond  with  those  of 
Bureau,  the  Austro-Hungarian  Sugar  Syndicate  and  the  Deutsche 
Zuckerindustrie.  No  notice  is  taken  of  the  comparatively  smal 
quantities  of  beets  which  are  shipped  across  the  frontiers. 

European  figures  for  1911-12  are  "  preliminary  fig- 
ures." 

All  sugar  expressed  in  terms  of  raw,  and  stated  in  tons 
of  2,000  pounds. 

The  sugar  product  of  Europe  consists  largely  of  raw 
sugar  which  is  shipped  to  domestic  refineries  or  is 
exported  in  its  raw  state,  and  such  white  sugar  as 
Europe  produces  for  direct  consumption  is  converted  to 
terms  of  raw  on  the  basis  of  100  pounds  of  raw  to  90 
pounds  of  refined. 

The  United  States  beet  sugar  factories  produce  only 
white  refined  sugar  for  direct  consumption,  and  to  facili- 
tate comparison  with  the  foreign  figures,  I  have  converted 
the  American  product  to  terms  of  raw  sugar  on  the 
basis  of  100  pounds  of  raw  to  90  pounds  of  refined . 


42 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 


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44 


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COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 


AS 


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8 


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46 


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53 


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COST  OP  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 


47 


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48 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 


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50 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR. 


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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

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THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CAUFORNIA  UBRARY 


